Te Toronga o te Paipa mai i te Puna ki ngā Papu Ringaringa

Inspiration

I ngā wāhi e tino korekore ana te wai ma, ā, kāore e wātea ana ngā puna wai reka i ngā kāinga, i ngā wāhi tata rānei, engari he iti noa iho ngā wāhi e rere ana te wai reka (hei tauira, me te awa whakamakuku) i te tau katoa, ā, ka kitea i ngā wāhi tata atu. Ka taea te keria ngā poka wai pāpaku i te taha, i raro rānei i te awa whakamakuku hei whakamahi i te wai māori e mimiti ana mai i te awa whakamakuku ki roto i te whenua.

Mā te whakaaro ki te tāpiri i ngā paipa toronga mata ki te paipa matua e piki ake ana mai i te poka wai e hono ana ki tētahi papu ringaringa momi kua tāutahia ki tētahi wāhi tawhiti, ka taea te whakarato wai haumaru me te rawaka ki te hapori e whai pānga ana. Ka whakaitihia hoki e tēnei te tawhiti haere me te wā kohikohi wai, ko te nuinga mō ngā tāngata whai pānga kua whai pānga, inā koa ko ngā kōtiro taiohi i haere tawhiti (kāore i te haumaru) ki te kohikohi wai reka mai i ēnei awaawa, ā, e 3-4 hāora te roa o te wā e pau ana i ia rā. 

hoahoa

Ko te wai e whakamahia ana i ngā wāhi tuawhenua ka whakawhāitihia ki ngā whakamahinga o te whare, arā, te inu, te tunu kai, te horoi, te horoi me te kaukau. Ka taea e tēnei pūnaha kotahi te whakarato i te wai inu me te wai tunu kai e tika ana, e haumaru ana hoki mō te 140 tāngata, neke atu rānei. 

E mōhiotia ana te hangarau papu ringaringa he mea utu nui, e whakaaetia ana e te katoa, he ngāwari ki te whakahaere me te tiaki, he iti te utu, ā, he kōwhiringa tuku wai pumau. 

Ka keria te poka wai i tētahi wāhi e tika ana mō ngā puna wai. He pai ake te mahi a te pūnaha i ngā puna pāpaku, engari e whakaatu ana ngā akoranga kua akohia he tino whakawhirinaki te pūnaha ki te raina whatunga waipēhi (HGL) i waenganui i ngā wāhi papu me ngā wāhi tuku, te kaha papu o ngā papu ā-rohe me te roa o te paipa i ngā whenua rerekē, papatahi rānei. 

Ka mahi tēnei hangarau i runga i ngā papu hiki momi, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i te wai whenua tū tonu tae atu ki te 7 mita te hohonu. Ka taea e ia te whakaputa i te 0.3 rita wai mā ia hekona me te hohonutanga o te wai whenua tū tonu o te 3-4 mita.

Ka taea anake tēnei ariā mēnā he puna wai pāpaku e tika ana, e tata ana ki ngā kāinga e hiahiatia ana, ā, ko te angitu o te pūnaha ka whakawhirinaki ki: 

• Te hanganga angitu o tētahi poka wai i te hohonutanga o ngā puna wai e tika ana, me te wāhi haumaru hoki.  
• Te tāutanga o ngā paipa matapo ki te taha matau kia ngāwari ai te rere o te wai whenua ki te puna
• He pai te takai kirikiri hei whakaiti i te urunga mai o ngā paru me ngā matūriki onepu
• Ko te hononga me te whakatakotoranga o te paipa toronga (raina ara) me te keri rua me whai i ngā rārangi poto rawa atu.

E rima ngā wāhanga matua o te hangarau katoa, arā, –

Ka keria te poka wai i runga i te hohonutanga o te puna wai e tika ana, i roto i te tawhiti e taea te toro atu, mai i te 500m ki te 1,500m mai i te whare/ngā tāngata whai pānga. Me whai kirikiri tika te poka.

He rite tēnei ki tētahi mea hei whakaiti i te urunga mai o ngā onepū me ngā matūriki onepu. 

E hiahiatia ana ngā kaimahi pūkenga mō te keri me te hanga i tētahi poka wai kounga teitei. Ko ngā kaimahi pūkenga o te rohe te mea e hiahiatia ana (mēnā e wātea ana) nā te mea e mōhio ana rātou ki te horopaki o te rohe.

He paipa PVC kei roto i te huihuinga poka wai, ka tukuna ki roto. Hei tauira, ko te tikanga tuku iho o te papu ringaringa i Pakitāne ko te whakamahi i ngā paipa PVC 1.5 inihi te whānui hei puna hiko me ngā tātari. 

Ko te tikanga, ko te takirere kore-hoki he tuku i te wai kia rere i te taha kotahi anake, ā, ka aukati i te wai kei rere i te taha kē. Ka whakanohoia te takirere kore-hoki ki waenganui i te tihi o te paipa matua e piki ake ana me te paipa toronga hei whakarite kia mau tonu te pēhanga wai i roto i te pūnaha.

Kei waenganui i te paipa poka me te pane o te papu te paipa toronga . Ka honoa tetahi pito o te paipa toronga ki te pane o te poka mā te takirere kore-hoki, ā, ka honoa tetahi pito.

ki raro i te papu ringaringa. Ka keria he awaawa 12 inihi te whānui me te 12-24 inihi te hohonu (i runga i te āhuatanga o te rohe) mai i te paipa puna ki te pane papu, ki reira ka whakatakotoria, ka tanumia hoki ngā paipa toronga ki te oneone. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā kaimahi kore pūkenga hei mahi i tēnei mahi me te tirotiro tata me te aro turuki a tētahi tangata pūkenga hangarau.  

 Mā te whakamahi i te whārite Darcy Weisbach, kua tohua e ngā tātaitanga te roa pea o te paipa toronga (raina ārahi) mō ngā paipa 1.25” me te 1.5” te whānui mō ngā hohonutanga taumata wai whenua rerekē, me te whakaaro he 7m te kaha momi, he 0.25 l/s te tere rere me te 20°C te pāmahana wai, me te whakaaro kāore he rerekētanga o te teitei i waenga i ngā pito e rua o te paipa whakapae engari me whakaae kia 0.92m (3') te teitei o te papu ringaringa.

Ka tatauhia ngā ngaronga waku mā te whakamahi i te whārite ngaronga waku a Hazen-Williams.

Taumata GW		Te roa mōrahi mō te paipa 1.25 inihi		Te roa mōrahi mō te paipa 1.5 inihi
m	Ft	m	ft	m	ft
1.83	6	410	1345	1070	3510
2.74	9	325	1066	830	2723
3.66	12	265	869	625	2051
4.57	15	180	591	415	1362
5.18	17	110	361	290	951

Pane o te papu ringaringa Mā te pūwāhi i roto i te papu ringaringa Momi ka piki ake te tokotoko piston i te wā e pēhia ana te ringa ki raro, ka haria te piston me ōna mowhiti. Mā tēnei ka huaki te takirere ārai, e kiia ana ko te takirere waewae, i raro i te papu ka kukume wai. Ina heke te piston, ka kati te takirere ārai i te pēhanga, ka mau te wai ki runga ake i te piston. Ka mahi anō tēnei huringa i te roanga o te whakamahinga o te papu ringaringa.

Ka honoa ngā paipa toronga ki te raro o te pane o te papu ringaringa momi mā roto i tētahi paipa GI e 1-2 putu te roa. Ka whakatakotoria te pane katoa o te papu ki runga i te whenua, ā, e 3 putu noa iho te teitei o te papu ringaringa e kitea ana ki te mata. Hei tauira, i roto i te horopaki o Pakitāne me Bangladesh, ka whakamahia whānuitia te pane o te papu rino tuku iho. 

He papa parakore kua hangaia ki te 4 putu x 4 putu, 5 putu x 6 putu rānei (tapawhā rite), 5-6 putu te whānui (porowhita) te rahi o te sima raima (CC) me te sima raima whakapakari (RCC). Kua whakaratohia he pūnaha rerenga wai para me te ara wai hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia rerenga wai.

Whakaaro whakaaro 

Ko ngā āhuatanga hoahoa matua hei whakaarohia i roto i tēnei ariā ko:

• Me tino tupato i te wa e whiriwhiri ana i te waahi mo te poka me te nui o te hua ka puta mai. 
• Ka pā mai he raruraru mēnā ka tāutahia he papu ā-ringa ki te wāhi kāore i te pai te putanga o te poka, ka hua ake pea he raruraru pēnei i te urunga o te onepu me te paru. 
• He mea nui te whakahaere kounga o ngā kaimahi hanga hapori me ngā kaimahi tūmataiti 
• Ka tiakina te pane o te papu mai i te poke mā te tāutanga o te hiri akuaku.
• Ka whakanohoia he takirere kore-hoki atu ki runga i te pane o te paipa puna, engari kāore he takirere kore-hoki e whakamahia ana i raro i te ariā tuku iho.
• I te nuinga o te wā, me whakareri te papu me te paipa whakapae i mua i te whakamahinga tuatahi, engari i muri i tēnei, kāore e hiahiatia he whakareri anō nā te mea ka pupuri te wai i roto i te papu me te paipa whakapae e ngā takirere kore-hoki.
• Tērā pea ka ngaro te pūmua o ngā papu ringaringa momi. Tērā pea ka puta te turuturu i roto i te raina momi, i te raina toronga rānei, i ngā papu e ngaro ana te pūmua. Me kimi, me whakatika hoki ngā turuturu, ki te kore ka ngaro tonu te pūmua o te papu.
• Ki te kore e taea e te papu ringaringa te pupuri i tōna taumata (prime) i roto i te rūma papu, tera pea kua he te takirere kore e hoki mai, te takirere tirotiro o raro rānei. 
• Ko te whakatakotoranga o te paipa toronga (raina mata) me te keri rua kia poto rawa ngā rārangi tika.
• Kua rahua hoki ngā papu ā-ringa raina ārahi ina heke te taumata wai hihiri ki raro i te kaha momi mōrahi o te papu nā te hekenga o te papa wai.
• I ētahi wāhi, e ai ki ngā pūrongo, ko ngā papu i tuku wai māori i te tīmatanga kua huri hei tote i roto i te wā. Ko te tino take o tēnei he nui rawa te pupuhi o te karāhe wai māori (nā te urunga mai o te wai mai i te awa whakamakuku).
• He nui ake te utu mō te tāutanga katoa o tētahi ariā hou i te ariā tuku iho. 

Te whakamatautau mara

I whakaurua te hangarau i te mutunga o te tau 2010 ki te rohe o Thatta o Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakitāne e te Laar Humanitarian Development Programme (LHDP). Kua angitu te tāutanga a Oxfam GB i te 220 papu ringa ki tēnei rohe i waenga i a Whiringa-ā-rangi 2010 ki Pēpuere 2011. Ko te hohonutanga toharite o ēnei papu ringa kei waenga i te 40-50 putu (12-15m) ā, ko te tawhiti o te poka wai mai i te kāinga kei waenga i te 500m ki te 1,500m. 

I te tau 2009 i Bangladesh, i te wā o te kaupapa urupare mō te awhiowhio Aila, tata rite tonu te hangarau i whakaurua mai. 

Ngā kaupapa ā muri ake nei

Ahakoa kei te angitu tēnei hangarau ki te kawe mai i te wai mai i tētahi poka wai kei te 1,200 putu te tawhiti, kāore anō kia tūhuratia tōna kaha tino pai.

Kua whakauruhia e ētahi whakahaere e whai wāhi ana ki te hanganga o ēnei pūnaha ētahi atu takirere kore-hoki i waenganui o te paipa whakapae mēnā he nui ake te roa o te raina ārahi i te 150m (500') engari kāore he taunakitanga e ārai ana i ngā raruraru whakahaere.

I tēnei wā, e whakamahia ana ngā paipa poka 1.5 inihi te whānui me ngā paipa toronga 1.25 inihi te whānui, engari kāore anō kia kitea te rahi e pai ana mō te putanga nui ake, mō ngā hononga maha rānei. I tēnei wā, kotahi te paipa toronga e honoa ana ki te pane o te poka, ā, kāore anō kia kitea mō ngā hononga maha o te paipa toronga me te papu ringa i ngā kāinga rerekē.

Tahora

Ētahi atu korero

Te Rōpū PHE, Tari Āwhina Tangata, Oxfam GB, Oxford, UK