Nkhaniyi ya Technical Brief ikuyang'ana chitetezo cha masika kuphatikizapo malo osungira madzi, malo ozungulira kasupe ndi kumanga mabokosi a masika. Ikufotokozanso njira ziwiri zochepetsera zinyalala m'madzi ochokera ku akasupe akuluakulu ndipo ikuwonetsa njira zina zotetezera mabokosi a masika. Nkhaniyi ya Technical Brief sikufotokoza za njira yogawa pakati pa bokosi la masika ndi zinthu zomwe zilipo.
Zitsime
Akasupe amapezeka pomwe madzi ochokera pansi pa nthaka amatuluka kuchokera pansi kupita pamwamba. Kasupeyu amatha kuchitika pomwe madzi amatuluka pansi ndi mphamvu yokoka, kapena akhoza kukhala kasupe wamadzi pomwe madzi amaonekera pamwamba pa nthaka atapanikizika kuchokera pansi pa madzi otsekedwa. Malo omwe madzi amafika pamwamba pa nthaka amadziwika kuti 'diso la kasupe'.
Madzi a kasupe akhoza kukhala abwino kwambiri ngati kasupeyo ali wotetezedwa bwino. Komabe, madzi a kasupe m'madera ena akhoza kukhala ndi mankhwala ofanana ndi madzi ena a pansi pa nthaka. Makamaka izi zitha kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa fluoride, kapena kuchuluka kwa carbonate hardness m'madzi, monga momwe zimapezekera m'madera ena ku Nepal komwe madera a Hill amakumana ndi madera a Terai. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti mapaipi atsekedwe kudzera mu encroutation ngakhale atakhala zaka zingapo akugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Akasupe ena amatuluka chaka chonse ndipo akasupe ena amatuluka kwa gawo lina la chaka. Ndikofunikira kwambiri posankha kasupe uti woteteza kuti chidziwitso cha m'deralo chigwiritsidwe ntchito, makamaka chidziwitso cha akazi ndi okalamba, kuzindikira akasupe omwe amadziwika kuti ndi odalirika kwambiri.
Zotsatira za masoka achilengedwe pa akasupe
Masoka achilengedwe monga zivomerezi, chilala, kuphulika kwa mapiri, kapena kugumuka kwa nthaka kungakhudze akasupe. Ena angasunthire malo ena ndipo ena angawonjezere kapena kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi. Zivomerezi zingawonongenso nyumba zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha akasupe ndi mapaipi omwe amatenga madzi a akasupe kupita kumidzi. Izi zingaphatikizepo kusweka kwa mapaipi.
Kuchepa kwa zomera ndi kudula mitengo kumabweretsanso chiopsezo cha kukhazikika kwa magwero a masika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kukokoloka kwa nthaka komanso chiopsezo cha kulephera kwa mapiri.
Mavuto kwa ogwiritsa ntchito masika pachilumba cha Montserrat ku Caribbean
Mu 1995, chilumba cha Caribbean cha Montserrat chinakumana ndi kuphulika kwa phiri lamoto komwe kunachititsa kuti phulusa lalikulu ligwe. Madzi a Montserrat amadalira akasupe 16. Akasupe awiri a pachilumbachi, omwe ankapereka 35% ya madzi a pachilumbachi, anali pamwamba pa phiri lamoto. Pamene phiri lamoto linkaipiraipira, kudalira madziwo kunayenera kusinthidwa kupita ku magwero ena m'madera ena a zilumbazi. Malo osungira madzi nawonso ankagwa mvula ya asidi ndi phulusa chifukwa cha phiri lamoto ndipo panali nkhawa kuti kuyenda kwa malo olumikizirana madzi kungayambitse kuyenda kwa akasupe ndipo pakhoza kukhala kusintha kwa ubwino wa madzi.
(Lashley, DA, 1997, mu House & Reed, 1997)
Zikhulupiriro ndi zikhulupiriro zozungulira akasupe
Pakhoza kukhala zikhulupiriro za anthu am'deralo zokhudza akasupe ndipo chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa pofunsa anthu ammudzi kuti miyambo yoyenera itsatidwe pamene pakufunika kutero ndikupempha chilolezo pokonzanso akasupe.
Mphamvu yachilendo ya akasupe
Mu Midlands Province of Zimbabwe (2006) kunanenedwa kuti m'dera lina akasupe amaonedwa ngati achilendo. Chikhulupiriro ichi chinalimbikitsidwa panthawi ya chilala cha 1992 ku Southern Africa, chifukwa pamene zitsime zosaya kwambiri m'derali zinauma kwambiri, akasupewo anapitiriza kuyenda. Amakhulupirira kuti ngati wina agwira ntchito yomanga pafupi ndi kasupe adzauma. Ngati izi zitachitika, padzakhala miyambo yapadera kasupeyo asanabwererenso.
Kusankha kasupe
Kusankha akasupe oti atetezedwe pakupereka madzi mwadzidzidzi kuyenera kuganizira kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe akupezeka m'madzi poyerekeza ndi kufunikira kwake, kudalirika kwake m'nyengo zosiyanasiyana komanso m'zaka za chilala, mtundu wa madzi, kufooka kwa zigwa ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka, komanso ogwiritsa ntchito omwe alipo komanso makamaka ngati angavomereze kuti madziwo atetezedwe ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera atsopano. Kulikonse komwe kungatheke, kuchuluka kwa madzi kuyenera kuyezedwa kumapeto kwa nyengo youma kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe akuyembekezeka.
Kufufuza kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti kasupe si mtsinje womwe wadutsa pansi pa nthaka ndipo wabwereranso pansi pa mtsinje chifukwa madzi ake akhoza kukhala otsika.
Nthawi zina madzi amatengedwanso kuchokera mumtsinje womwe umaperekedwa kuchokera ku kasupe mmodzi kapena angapo. Vuto ndilakuti mvula ikagwa, madzi amasungunuka kwambiri zomwe zingayambitse mavuto ena pakuchiza, makamaka ngati chlorine ikugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda mankhwala ochiritsira asanayambe kuchitidwa mumsasa kapena m'mudzi.
Akasupe amatha kutetezedwa ndikupereka madzi m'njira zotsatirazi:
- Ingokhalani ndi chitoliro choyenda madzi chodutsa m'malo osungira madzi komwe madzi angasonkhanitsidwe mwachindunji ndi ogwiritsa ntchito.
- Khalani ndi chipinda chosonkhanitsira madzi chokhala ndi chipinda chotulutsira madzi ndi makina otseguka kumene madzi amatuluka mosavuta kudzera mu chitoliro kupita kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Dongosololi limatchedwa 'dongosolo lotseguka'.
- Khalani ndi chipinda chosonkhanitsira madzi chokhala ndi chipinda cha valavu kenako chitoliro chotulutsira madzi chimalowa m'chitsime chosungira madzi komwe madzi amasonkhanitsidwa usiku wonse. Chitsimechi chimadutsa mu chitoliro china kupita ku pompo. Dongosololi limasunga madzi ambiri momwe mungathere ndipo limatchedwa 'dongosolo lotsekedwa'Imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene phindu lili lochepa poyerekeza ndi kufunikira.
- Machitidwe awiri achiwiri angakhalenso ndi thanki yosungira madzi kapena fyuluta pambuyo pa bokosi la kasupe ngati pali mavuto enaake ndi zinthu zolimba kapena matope m'madzi.
Amapereka
Kuthamanga kopitirira 0.1 l/s ndikokwanira kudzaza chidebe cha malita 20 mumphindi zopitilira 3. Kuchokera ku kasupe wotere, zokolola zothandiza za malita pafupifupi 3,000 zitha kuyembekezera zomwe ndi madzi okwanira anthu 150 pa 20 /p/d, kapena anthu 200 pa muyezo wa Sphere wa 15 l/p/d.
Ngati madziwo anali pa 0.05 l/s yokha, ndiye kuti akanatha kupereka anthu ambiri ngati thanki yosungiramo madzi ya malita 1,000 ikanaphatikizidwanso mu dongosololi.
(Ref: Zolemba za Ukadaulo wa WaterAid)
Mfundo zotetezera
- Tetezani malo omwe ali pamwamba pa kasupe ku nyama ndi anthu kuti asaipitsidwe ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
- Kupanga ngalande yodulidwa pamwamba pa kasupe kumateteza madzi oipitsidwa kuti asalowe kapena kusakanizika ndi madzi a kasupe.
- Zimbudzi siziyenera kukhala mkati mwa 30m kumtunda kapena pansi pa kasupe.
- Pambuyo poyeretsa kapena kutsegula malo ozungulira diso la kasupe, kasupe ayenera kutetezedwa ndi miyala yosasunthika ndi miyala kenako ndi dothi lophimba kumbuyo kwa khoma la madzi, kuwonjezera pa bokosi la kasupe ndi chitoliro choperekera madzi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.
- Malo ozungulira kasupe ayenera kutsekedwa kuti nyama zisalowemo, koma madzi osefukira ayenera kutumizidwa kudera lomwe lili kunja kwa malo otetezedwa komwe ziweto zimatha kumwa madzi, makamaka m'malo odyetsera ziweto.
- Bokosi la kasupe liyenera kutsukidwa nthawi ndi nthawi.
- Anthu ammudzi ndi ogwiritsa ntchito kasupe ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kusamalira bwino malo olowera ndi makina a kasupe komanso chifukwa choteteza madera opezeka madzi. Malamulo am'deralo angathandizenso kuteteza malo opezeka madzi pamwamba pa kasupe.
Chitetezo cha malo osungira madzi
Ngalande yotulutsira madzi pamwamba imakumbidwa pamwamba ndi mozungulira kasupe kuti madzi a pamwamba asatuluke m'malo oipitsa. Izi ziyenera kukumbidwa pa mtunda wa osachepera 8m kuchokera ku malo oipitsa ndipo makamaka kutali. Kenako malowo ayenera kumangidwa ndi mpanda kuti nyama ndi anthu asalowe m'derali.
Dothi liyeneranso kumangidwa mozungulira makoma a thanki yosonkhanitsira kuti madzi aliwonse pamwamba pake achotsedwe.
Ngati kukhazikika kwa malo ozungulira malo olowera madzi a kasupe kukukayikitsa kapena kukokoloka kwa nthaka ndi chiopsezo, ndiye kuti ma gabions kapena miyala youma ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukhazikika kwa malowo.
Ndibwino kuti malo otsala mtunda wa mamita 50 pamwamba pa kasupe asiyidwe komwe kulibe anthu okhala ndipo nyama siziloledwa kudya udzu. Kubzalanso nkhalango ndi kubzala udzu ndi zitsamba m'dera lomwe lili pamwamba pa kasupe kungathandize kuteteza malo osungira madzi, kuchepetsa madzi ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka.
Kutsegula diso la kasupe
Kutsegula diso la kasupe:
- Izi ziyenera kuchitika mosamala kwambiri chifukwa cha mtundu uliwonse wa 'kupanikizika kwa msana' Madzi a pamadzi angapangitse kuti asinthe njira yake ndipo diso la kasupe lisunthe. 'amatsatira njira yosavuta kutsutsa'.
- Payenera kupangidwa njira yotulutsira madzi kwakanthawi kuti madzi apitirize kuyenda panthawi yomanga komanso kuti madzi asalowe m'madzi.
- Malo omwe ali pansi pa malo otulutsira madzi (kapena malo otuluka madzi) ayenera kukumba mpaka madzi opingasa kapena thanthwe lolimba litafika.
- Kukumba kuyenera kupitirira mpaka kutalika kwa nthaka pamwamba pa malo otulutsira madzi kukhale osachepera 1m. Kasupe wochokera pathanthwe safuna kukumba pang'ono, koma kasupe wokhala ndi madzi ambiri angafunike kukumba mamita angapo.
- Pa akasupe a artesian, kufukula kungakhale kolunjika pansi, ndipo izi zimabweretsa mavuto ena oletsa kupanikizika kwa msana. Njira ziwiri zomwe zikulimbikitsidwa ndi izi: a) kumanga ngalande kuzungulira malowo ndikupeza malo olowera mamita angapo kutali ndi diso la kasupe, ndi b) kumiza mphete zazikulu za konkire kuzungulira diso la kasupe pamene kufukula kukupitilira kuteteza dothi lozungulira kuti lisagwere m'dzenje lofukula. Kasupe angafunike kusiyidwa ali otseguka pang'ono ndipo motero chivundikiro cha dzenje chingafunike. Potulukira pake payeneranso kukhala kochepa momwe mungathere kuti mupewe kupanikizika kwa msana.
- Ikani miyala yosasunthika ndi miyala yosweka pamwamba pa diso la kasupe kuti mutetezedwe koyamba.
- Pambuyo pokumba, malo a kasupe ayenera kusiyidwa kwa maola 24-48 kuti akhazikike bwino, ntchito yowonjezera yomanga isanayambe.
(Ref: Neku & Hillman, 1996)
Ngati pali malo ochulukirapo a kasupe kapena malo otayira madzi m'dera linalake, ndiye kuti malo okumbako angafunike kukhala okulirapo kapena ngalande kapena malo osungira madzi ndi mapaipi akhoza kumangidwa kuti madzi osiyanasiyana azitha kulowa m'chipinda chimodzi chosonkhanitsira madzi.
(Ref: Jordan, 1984)
Kupanga khoma la madzi kapena bokosi la kasupe
Kapangidwe kake kofunikira kuti madzi atuluke kuchokera ku kasupe kamadalira zinthu zingapo. Izi zikuphatikizapo kukula kwa kasupe komanso ngati ogwiritsa ntchito adzabwera ku kasupe kapena madziwo adzatengedwa ndi chitoliro kupita kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Mapangidwe osiyanasiyana akuwonetsedwa patsamba lotsatira la Technical Brief iyi.
Kumanga khoma losungira madzi, damu losungira madzi kapena khoma lodulidwa, bokosi la kasupe ndi chipinda cha valavu
- Khoma louma lotetezera miyala liyenera kumangidwa motsatira phiri lomwe lakumbidwa. Khoma ili limamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito miyala yofanana ndi njerwa ndipo zonse zimagwira ntchito ngati khoma lotetezera ndipo limalola madzi kudutsa m'malo osonkhanitsira omwe ali ndi dothi lochepa.
- Damu losungira madzi kapena khoma 'lodulidwa' lokhala ndi makoma a mapiko, lapangidwa kuti ligwire madzi ambiri momwe zingathere ndikulitsogolera ku chipinda chosonkhanitsira madzi (onani chithunzi pansipa). Liyenera kumangidwa mu ngalande yofukulidwa yakuya kochepa kwa 20cm kuti lithandize kuonetsetsa kuti madzi sakulowa pansi pa khoma.
- Chipinda chosonkhanitsira ndi chipinda cha ma valavu chimamangidwa pansi pa khoma la madzi ndipo pansi pa chipinda chosonkhanitsiracho payenera kukhala konkire.
- Chitoliro chodzaza madzi kuchokera ku chipinda chosonkhanitsira madzi chiyenera kukhala chotsika kuposa khoma la damu kuti chisapitirire kupanikizika kumbuyo.
- Malo omwe ali kumbuyo kwa damu la madzi osungira madzi amadzazidwa ndi miyala ndi miyala yofanana ndi chivindikiro cha chipinda chosungira madzi, ndi miyala yaying'ono pafupi ndi diso ndi yayikulu pafupi ndi khoma. Kenako mapepala olemera amaikidwa pamwamba pa malo osungira madzi ndi m'mphepete mwake otsekedwa ndi dothi. Kenako pepalalo limakutidwa ndi dothi lofukulidwa kenako dothi lapamwamba. Zomera zosaya kwambiri zimatha kubzalidwa kuti zisawononge nthaka ndikuyikhazikitsa bwino.
(Ref: Neku & Hillman, 1996)
(Ref: Water for the World, Chidziwitso Chaukadaulo Nambala RWS.1.C.1)
(Ref: Water for the World, Chidziwitso Chaukadaulo Nambala RWS.1.C.1)
Kuteteza kasupe - ntchito ikupitilira, kwa anthu ammudzi omwe amakhala pafupi ndi misasa yayikulu ya othawa kwawo kum'mawa kwa Zaire
Khoma lamkati linkagwiritsidwa ntchito kupotoza madzi pamene khoma lakunja la bokosi la kasupe linkamangidwa
Kusefukira, kutsuka ndi kutulutsa madzi
Kusefukira kwa madzi – Kukula kwa mapaipi osefukira kwa madzi kuyenera kulola kuti madzi ambiri adutse mosavuta komanso mosamala kuchoka ku kasupe popanda kuwononga nthaka.
| Chitoliro cha GI cha kutalika kwa 20-50 cm chokhala ndi nthawi yotsika yotsatira (H) chidzalola kuyenda kotsatira (l/s)(Ref: Jordan, TD Jr, 1984) | ||
| Kukula kwa chitoliro cha GI | H = 5cm | H = 10cm |
| 1 " | 0.62 | 0.85 |
| 1.5 " | 1.4 | 1.9 |
| 2 " | 2.1 | 3.0 |
| 3 " | 5.2 | 7.3 |
Ma washes - Izi zimathandiza kuti bokosi lolowera madzi litulutsidwe kuti chipindacho chiyeretsedwe. Ziyenera kukhala 2” mpaka 3” ndipo ziyenera kuyikidwa pang'ono pansi pa chipindacho ndikutsekedwa ndi chivundikiro chakumbuyo.
Malo Otulukira - Apa ndiye poyambira pa payipi ndipo iyenera kukhala yofanana kukula kapena kukulirapo kuposa payipi ya kapangidwe kake pamalopo. Malo otulukira ayenera kutetezedwa ndipo adzafunika valavu ya chipata yokhala ndi mpweya wotulukira womwe uli pansi pa mtsinje (onani zithunzi pamwambapa).
Kusefa kapena kutayira zinthu zolimba zochokera ku akasupe
Masiponji akuluakulu akhoza kukhala ndi tinthu tomwe timatuluka mu makina kapena kuperekedwa kudzera mu payipi kwa ogula. Ngati vutoli lili vuto, makinawo ayenera kupangidwa kuti athetse kapena kusefa zinthu zolimba. Onani zithunzi pansipa kuti muwone makina osefera ozungulira omwe adamangidwa panjira yotulukira kasupe wamkulu ku Eastern Zaire.
Matanki otayira zinyalala
Nthawi zotsatirazi zosungira madzi zikulimbikitsidwa kuti matanki osungira madzi apangidwe pambuyo pa bokosi la kasupe:
- Magwero ang'onoang'ono a kasupe oyera - sipafunikira thanki yothira madzi ngakhale kuti malo olowera madzi ayenera kukhala ndi chipinda chokhazikitsira madzi ndi choyeretsera madzi.
- Makina okhala ndi matanki osungiramo zinthu - mphindi 15-20
- Machitidwe opanda malo osungiramo madzi - osachepera mphindi 60.
Mphamvu (l) = Kuyenda (l/s) x T (nthawi yosungira, s)
(Kuti mudziwe zambiri – Jordan, TD Jr, 1984, pp114-119)
Chitetezo china cha akasupe
Njira zina m'malo mwa mabokosi a masika
Ngati madzi ochokera ku kasupe angathe kutengedwa popanda bokosi la kasupe, ndipo palibe chifukwa chothira dothi chifukwa madziwo ndi opanda madzi ambiri, ndipo palibe chifukwa chosungira, chifukwa kuchuluka kwake kuli kokwanira kufunikira, ndiye kuti bokosi la kasupe silingakhale lofunikira. Njira zina zikuphatikizapo:
- Kukumba ngalande yakuya 1m mpaka kufika pa denga losalowa madzi lochokera ku diso la kasupe mpaka pamalo osonkhanitsira - Gwiritsani ntchito miyala yakuya 100mm ya kukula kwa 10 mpaka 40mm pansi pa ngalande kenako onjezerani dothi lokhala ndi matope pafupifupi 100mm kuya pamwamba. Gawo lotsala la ngalande liyenera kudzazidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zakumbidwa. Gawo lomaliza liyenera kukhala dothi lapamwamba ndipo liyenera kuunjikidwa pang'ono. Udzu wokwawa ukhoza kubzalidwa mu nthaka yapamwamba kuti upewe kukokoloka. Chizindikiro chiyenera kuyikidwa kuti chikumbukire komwe diso la kasupe lili (onani chithunzi pansipa).
- Chitoliro cha pulasitiki chamkati cha 30-50mm m'mimba mwake chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kunyamula madzi kuchokera ku diso la kasupe kupita kumalo osonkhanitsira (onani chithunzi pansipa).
- Pa zonsezi zomwe zili pamwambapa, pangani khoma lolowera lomwe chitoliro chingadutse, ndi simenti yaying'ono yotsogolera madzi kuchokera mu ngalande yodzazidwa ndi miyala kupita ku chitoliro, ndi gulu la miyala kumbuyo kwake. Khoma lolowera lidzafunikanso makoma a mapiko kuti likhale lolimba komanso malo otulutsira madzi kuti ogwiritsa ntchito ayimepo akamasonkhanitsa madzi. Khoma lolowera liyenera kuyikidwa pamalo otsika kuposa diso la kasupe kuti apewe kupanikizika kumbuyo (onani zithunzi pansipa).
(Ref: Skinner & Shaw, mu Shaw, ed, 1999)
(Ref: Skinner & Shaw, mu Shaw, 1999)
Kusamalira bokosi la kasupe ndi malo osungira madzi
Kuwunika ukhondo kuyenera kuchitika kamodzi kapena kawiri pachaka kuti mudziwe ngati pali magwero aliwonse omwe angaipitse madzi a kasupe.
Chaka chilichonse ngalande yothira madzi iyenera kutsukidwa komanso malo omwe ali mkati mwa mpanda. Kukonzanso kuyeneranso kuchitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kulikonse kwa mpanda kapena ntchito zina zotetezera.
Bokosi la kasupe ndi chipinda chosungiramo madzi kapena fyuluta yozungulira, ngati kuli koyenera, nthawi zina ziyenera kuchotsedwamo madzi omwe angakhale atasonkhana ndipo mkati mwa bokosi la kasupe mutha kutsukidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Zowonjezereka
Jordan, TD Jr (1984) Buku Lophunzitsira za kayendedwe ka madzi oyenda ndi mphamvu yokoka m'madera ang'onoang'ono, Intermediate Technology Publications
Neku, A & Hillmann, E (1996) Machitidwe amadzi oyenda pansi pa nthaka akumidzi (Kapangidwe ka Njira ndi Kapangidwe Koyenera), UNICEF, Nepal - mtundu watsopano wa Jordan, TD Jr, pamwambapa, koma sunasindikizidwe
Skinner, B & Shaw, R mu: Shaw, R (ed) (1999) Kuteteza akasupe - njira ina m'malo mwa mabokosi a kasupe, Chidule Chaukadaulo Nambala 34, Mu: Madzi Othamanga: zambiri zaukadaulo zokhudza thanzi, madzi ndi ukhondo, Intermediate Technology Publications
WaterAid (palibe tsiku) Zolemba zaukadaulo
Madzi a Dziko Lonse (palibe tsiku) Nyumba Zomangira Ma Springs, Chidziwitso Chaukadaulo Nambala RWS.1.C.1