Nzira Dzekurapa Mvura Yakawanda

ziviso

Kana mapoka makuru evanhu akadzingwa nekuda kwehondo kana njodzi dzechisikigo uye vachizogara munzvimbo iyi kwenguva inopfuura mavhiki mashoma, pachava nechikonzero chekugadzira uye pamwe nekugadzirisa nzira yekurapa mvura. Gwaro iri rinotarisa zvinodiwa munharaunda apo "kurapwa kwemvura yakawanda" kunodiwa. Rakagadzirwa neOxfam Public Health Engineering Team kuti ribatsire kupa mvura yakavimbika uko vanhu vakawanda vakabviswa, semuenzaniso sezvakawanikwa mumisasa yevapoteri nenzvimbo dzekubatsira.

Kare, Oxfam yakagadzira mapakeji emidziyo, anowanikwa kuti aodha kuburikidza neSupply Centre kuti akurumidze kugadzira masisitimu ekurapa mvura. Nemisika yepasi rose yakabudirira uye mitemo yetsika iri kuramba ichidzvinyirira zvichikonzera nguva yekudzora mvura inononoka zvakanyanya, mhinduro dzinobva munharaunda dziri kuramba dzichikosha, uye makiti eOxfam angasave akakodzera kana kuti angangoda kugadziriswa zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu uye zviwanikwa zviripo. Iyi edition yechitatu ^yemirairo yekurapa mvura yakagadziriswa kuti iratidze shanduko idzi pamwe nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji nekuvandudzwa kwemidziyo mitsva yakaitika kubvira 2001, Kunyanya nezve membrane filtration.

Chinangwa chekuchenesa mvura ndechekupa mvura inonwiwa, kureva kuti isina utachiona uye yakachengeteka pamakemikari, iyo isina tsvina yakawanda mumuviri uye inogamuchirwawo nemutengi pakunaka kwayo. Njodzi huru pahutano mumamiriro mazhinji apo njodzi dzinoitika imhaka yekuvapo kwehutachiona (kusvibiswa kwehutachiona). Kusvibiswa kwemakemikari hakuwanzoitika pahutano asi hakugoni kufuratirwa. Masangano erubatsiro ari kuongororwa zvakanyanya uye ari kumanikidzwa kusangana nemitemo yenyika. Nekuda kweizvozvo, njodzi dzinounzwa nekusvibiswa kwemvura nemakemikari kusanganisira asi kwete chete kune arsenic, nitrates, mishonga yezvipembenene uye fluoride dzinofanirawo kufungwa nezvadzo.

Kuwanda kwevanhu pamwe nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kukonzera matambudziko ekuwedzera kwemunyu wemvura pasi pevhu sezvo kubviswa kwemunyu mugungwa kuchiwedzera kupinda kwemunyu uye vanhu vari kusundirwa munzvimbo dziri pedyo, dzakawanda dzacho dzisina mvura yakawanda kana kuti dzine mvura shoma. Pane imwe ongororo yehunyanzvi pamusoro pekubvisa munyu, saka izvi hazvibatanidzwi mugwara iri.

Mukutanga kwekuwanikwa kwemvura kana paine dambudziko, hunhu hwemvura (uye huwandu) hunogona kuderera pasi pezvinokurudzirwa neWHO, uye kana zvakadaro kusimbiswa kwekutanga kuchava pakusimudzira hunhu (uye huwandu) kuti husvike mukati memiganhu inogamuchirika munguva pfupi inogoneka . Zvinokurudzirwawo kana paine dambudziko remvura, kudzivirira mvura, muchimiro chechlorine, kugadzirisa kusvibiswa kwemhuri, semuenzaniso mumidziyo yemvura.

Mvura iri pamusoro pemvura inowanzova ndiyo nzira inokurumidza yekuwanikwa kwemvura munguva pfupi, asi mvura iri pamusoro pemvura, inonyanya kusvibiswa nezvinhu zvakaoma zvakamiswa uye utachiona kupfuura mvura iri pasi pevhu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti matambudziko makuru ekurapa anosangana nawo kubviswa kwezvinhu zvakaoma zvakamiswa uye kupa nzira dzinoshanda dzekuuraya utachiona.

Pakusarudza manyuko emvura, hunhu hwemvura isina kucheneswa hunofanira kuenzaniswa nehuwandu huripo. Panyaya yehutano, huwandu hwakawanda hwemvura yakanaka huri nani pane hushoma hwemvura yakanaka kwazvo uye izvi zvinofanirwa kufungwa nezvazvo nekusarudza manyuko ane huwandu hwakakwana hwemvura inowanikwa. Mune dzimwe nguva, apo mvura yakanaka haina kukwana, zvingave zvakakosha kupa hunhu huviri hwakasiyana hwemvura kune vatengi, kuchengetedza mvura kubva kunobva kusina hunhu hwakanaka hwekusuka, nepo mvura kubva kunobva kunobva kunobva diki yakanaka inogona kushandiswa pakugadzirira chikafu nekunwa. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko mukuchengetedza hunhu hwemvura mbiri dzakasiyana, pakugadzira zvakawanda uye padanho remhuri uye zvinodawo rutsigiro rwakakura kubva kuchirongwa chekusimudzira hutano hweveruzhinji kana ichizonzwisiswa, inogamuchirika uye inobudirira. Uyewo tsime rimwe chete guru remvura yakasviba, iro kunyangwe richida kurapwa kwakawanda kupfuura manyuko madiki akacheneswa, rinogona kuva nyore kubva pamaonero ehutungamiriri, nekuti masisitimu ese ekupomba/kurapa anogona kuiswa panzvimbo imwe chete.

Kusarudzwa kwenzvimbo yemvura hakungotsamiri pamhando yemvura inoda kupihwa chete, asiwo padyo nenzvimbo dziri kurongwa, matambudziko angangoitika ekuchera mvura uye kodzero dzemvura, pamwe chete nedzimwe nyaya. Mirayiridzo iyi haizopindi muzvinhu izvi zvakakosha zvinogona kukanganisa kusarudzwa kwenzvimbo, asi inotarisa chete pakugadzirisa mvura.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai semafashamo, vanhu vanowanzomanikidzwa kutsvaga nzira dzavo dzekuchenesa mvura padanho remhuri, gwaro rehunyanzvi rakasiyana rinoshanda - TBN04 - Kuchenesa mvura mumba uye kuichengeta zvakachengeteka.

Kuongorora Hunhu hweMvura

Mhando dzehutachiona

Contamination Type	Zvinhu Zvinosvibisa	Comments
chisimba	Zvidimbu nezvinhu zvakasimba zvakamiswa	Sezvo mwaka unochinja-chinja zvikuru mumhando yemvura yerwizi uye huwandu hwayo munzvimbo dzinonaya mvura yakawanda uye/kana kuti mvura inoyerera zvakanyanya, ongororo inofanira kufungwa nezvayo. Kunyatsoongorora zvinhu zvakasikwa kunogona kupa ruzivo pakusarudza nzvimbo yekuisa mvura inopombwa, kureva kuti mahombekombe erwizi ane maturikirwo akajeka here? Edza kuona kana mvura iri yemhando yepamusoro yakakwana, inoora here?
Biological	Tsvina yetsvina	Kusvibiswa netsvina kune njodzi huru uye kunogona kukonzera kupararira kwechirwere chinokonzerwa nemvura (kusanganisira cholera netyphoid) kuburikidza nenzira yekuparadzira tsvina kubva mutsvina kuenda mumuromo. Ita ongororo yekuona njodzi dzechokwadi nedzinogona kuitika dzekusvibiswa Kana paine nzvimbo yakachengetedzwa, semuenzaniso matsime anodyisa rwizi diki kana dziva, shandisai mvura iyi.
	Algae	Algae dzinonetsa kubvisa uchishandisa macoagulants uye dzinogona kuita kuti mvura yechigadzirwa ive nekuravira kwakashata. Dzinogonawo kuvhara mafirita ejecha. Funga nezvekusefa kwemvura pamhenderekedzo yerwizi kana pamhenderekedzo yegungwa.
mushonga	Zvicherwa, rudzi rwevhu	pH uye munyu wezvinhu zvakasiyana zvinogona kusiyana, kunyangwe zvinhu zvacho zvingave zviri pedyo. pH chinhu chakakosha apo kurapwa kunosanganisira kuwedzera macoagulants (alum nezvimwewo) sezvo huwandu hunofanira kuwedzerwa huchikanganiswa nepH, pamwe nenguva yekubata chlorine. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinosvibisa makemikari zvakaita seFluoride nearsenic hazvina kunaka uye hazvina hwema. Ruzivo rwemuno runogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pekuvapo kwezvinhu zvakadaro asi kana paine mubvunzo, bvunzo dzinofanira kuitwa.
	Matsvina emaindasitiri	Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kusvibiswa kwemaindasitiri kana kwemakemikari ekurima kunogona kuonekwa zvakanyanya. Sezvo kubviswa kwekusvibiswa kwakadaro kuchida nzira dzehunyanzvi hwepamusoro, zvinodikanwa kazhinji hazvigoneki kuita izvi nenzira yakavimbika panguva yekukurumidzira pasina kushandisa mishonga inodhura uye yakaoma. Kuongorora kuti hove dzinokura sei mumvura kunogona kuratidza mhando yehove, semuenzaniso nekuchengeta hove mutangi remusoro wehove.. Tsvaga zviratidzo zvemabasa ekurima, masaga asina mishonga nezvimwewo kuti uone kana paine mukana wekusvibiswa nemakemikari. Nzizi nehova zvinogona "kuzvichenesa" kupfuura madziva nemadhamu. Ruzivo rwemunharaunda runofanira kuratidza kana paine zvinhu zvinosvibisa zvinogona kunge zvichinetsa kana kuti zvinoda kuongororwa.

Kuravira, Kunhuhwirira, Ruvara

Kazhinji zvakaoma kuziva zvikonzero zvekunaka nekunhuhwirira mumvura, zvimwe zvezvinetso zvikuru zvinogona kukonzerwa nazvo zvinotsanangurwa mutafura inotevera (zvimwe zvacho zvinogona kuitika muhurongwa hwekuchenesa mvura pachayo).

Kuravira kana Kunhuhwirira	Cause	Comments
Kuravira uye kunhuhwirira kwehove kana kuti kwakasviba	Algae	Kusefa mvura inopinzwa uye kusefa jecha zvishoma nezvishoma kunogona kuderedza, kunyange zvisingadziviriri, matambudziko. Sarudza mvura isina kubikwa nokungwarira. Kurapa kweUV kunoshandiswa kudzivirira kukura kwealgae mumiti yekurapa RO.
Kuravira kwesimbi:	Zvidimbu zvinokonzerwa ne geology yekubata masango. Kushanda kwebhakitiriya, kwakajairika mumapaipi esimbi ekare.	Kufefeta mhepo nekuisa mhepo zvinogona kuderedza izvi asi zvinoedzawo kuderedza kusviba. Mabhakitiriya esimbi anogona kukonzera matambudziko ekunhuwa.
Kuravira kwesarufa, kunhuhwirira kwezai rakaora	Kuwanda kwezvicherwa kunokonzerwa ne geology yekubata hove	Hapana mhinduro chaiyo kunze kwekuderedza kusvibiswa uye huwandu hwezvinhu zviri mumvura.
Kuravira kwebrachi	Sodium chloride (munyu)	Tarisa mvura inobva munyu. Kana matsime ari pedyo nekupinzwa kwemunyu, kungwarira kunofanira kuitwa kuti mvura yemunyu isakweverwe mumagirazi emvura yakachena.
Kuravira nekunhuhwirira kwakakora	Zviumbwa uye actinomycetes	Sukurudza mapombi emvura nguva nenguva kudzivirira nzvimbo dzinodziya uye dzisingamire mumapombi.
Kuravira kwemakemikari	Makirasi akasiyana-siyana emakemikari Chlorine mishonga	Zvizhinji zvinogona kubviswa chete nerubatsiro rwe activated carbon uye pre-ozonation. Zvinonyungudutsa uye phenols zvinogona kuita ne chlorine mumvura. Deredza kuyerwa kwe chlorine nekuchenesa mvura isina kubikwa kusvika padanho rekuti kudiwa kwe chlorine kuderedzwa.
Colour	Zvinogona kukonzerwa nekusvibiswa kwemakemikari kana kwemuviri	Kubviswa kwezvinhu zvakaoma zvakasungirirwa kunoderedza ruvara zvinobudirira muzviitiko zvakawanda. Ruvara rwebrown runokonzerwa nekuvapo kwesimbi uye rune chekuita nekunaka, kunyanya kana machira achigezwa.

Zvinhu zvakasimba zvakasungirirwa (NTU/JTU)

NTU (nephelometric turbidity units) kana kuti JTU (Jackson turbidity units) zviyero zvekuti zvinhu zvakamiswa zvakaita sezvinhu zvakasikwa, semuenzaniso algae, dope, ngura nezvimwewo, zvinotakurwa mumvura uye zvine chekuita nehuwandu hwezvirwere zviri mumvura uye kuti zviri nyore sei kuuraya utachiona mumvura kuti uuraye zvirwere izvi. Kunyange pasina hukama chaihwo pakati peturbidity nezvinhu zvakamiswa, hukama hwacho huri pedyo, uye zviri nyore kuyera turbidity uchishandisa chubhu yeturbidity. NTU inoyerwa uchishandisa mudziyo wedhijitari nepo JTU iri chiyero chekuona uchishandisa chubhu yeturbidity, iyo inogona kutengwa yega (Oxfam code FTT ), uye inoumba chikamu cheOxfam water measuring and testing kit (Oxfam code FMT ). Digital turbidity meter inosanganisirwa muOxfam Chemical and Bacteriological testing kit (Oxfam code FKPL ).

WHO inokurudzira kuti kana mvura iri kupfuura NTU 5, saka imwe nzira yekurapa kubvisa turbidity inofanirwa kuitwa mvura isati yagona kupiswa ne chlorine. NTU inofanira kuyerwa uye kana ikaonekwa kuti iri pamusoro pe5, danho rinotevera nderekuita bvunzo iri nyore ye sedimentation kuti uone kana uye kuti zvinotora nguva yakareba sei kuti zvinhu zvakasimba zvakamiswa zvigadzikane. Izvi zvinoratidza nguva dzinogona kugadziriswa, izvo zvichabatsira pakusarudza saizi yematangi e sedimentation kana kusarudza system ye coagulation/flocculation. Kuongorora nemaziso kunogona kuratidza kana zvidimbu zviri zve organic (algae nezvimwewo) zvinopa ruvara rwegirini/brownish kana colloidal (diki kwazvo) zvinoita se smoked small. Izvi zvinopa matambudziko makuru pakurapa, kazhinji zvinoda coagulation/flocculation stage mukuita uku.

Zvirwere zve microbiological (tsvina yemhuka)

Mabhakitiriya etsvina yemudumbu (>99% ayo ari E.coli) anoratidza huwandu hwekusvibiswa kwetsvina yevanhu nemhuka mumvura uye mukana wekuvapo kwezvirwere zvinokuvadza kureva kusvibiswa kwehutachiona. Kuyera kusvibiswa uku kuchaona kana mvura ichizoda kuisirwa chlorine kana kwete. Muyero weWHO ndewekuti zero coliform pa 100ml yemvura yese inonwiwa. Tichiziva kuti mvura zhinji, kunyanya mvura yekumaruwa, inowanzova nehuwandu hwakaderera hwekusvibiswa, chiratidzo cheSphere ndechekuti mvura inofanira kunge iine <10 coliform/100ml kana chlorination isingashandiswe). Zvinokurudzirwa kuti chlorination igare ichishandiswa pakutanga kwedambudziko uye kuyerwa kwetsvina yemudumbu hakuzove kwakakosha. Zvisinei, kuyerwa kwetsvina yemudumbu kunogona kuratidza kuti chlorine ingangodiwa (kureva kuti mvura inetsvina yakawanda inowanzoda chlorination yakawanda, asi inoratidzawo kuti panodiwa kurapwa kwakanyanya) pamwe nekuita kuti shanduko mumhando yemvura isina kucheneswa dzitariswe. Makorifomu etsvina anogona kuyerwa uchishandisa Oxfam microbiological water testing kit (Oxfam code FKB ).

Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza hukama hwakakura pakati pehuwandu hwekusvibiswa kwetsvina nenjodzi dzinoonekwa nekutarisa zviratidzo zvehutsanana, zvinozivikanwawo seongororo yehutsanana. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kana paine njodzi dzakawanda dzekusvibiswa nemvura, dzakadai sezvimbuzi zviri pedyo nemvura, tsvina isina kudzorwa nemhuka munzvimbo dzinogona kusukwa mumvura nezvimwewo, saka panogona kunge paine njodzi yakakura yekusvibiswa. Saka, kuongorora mvura nemaziso kunogona kushandiswa sedanho rekutanga rekuongorora hunhu hwemvura.

Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti dzimwe nguva kuvapo kwezvisikwa zve coliform (total coliforms) kunoshandiswa sechiratidzo. Zvisinei, zvipenyu zve coliform hazvingagari zvine chekuita nekuvapo kwetsvina kana hutachiona mumvura yekunwa, asi bvunzo ye coliform ichiri kubatsira pakutarisa hunhu hwehutachiona hwemvura yepombi yakarapwa. Kit yePalintest Wagtech inoshandiswa neOxfam ine magadzirirwo maviri e incubator - pa37 deg C (iyo inochengetera total coliforms uye 44 deg C yekuchengetera uye kuyera thermo-tolerant (fecal) coliform.

Asidhi/alkalinity (pH)

Mitemo yeWHO inokurudzira mvura yekunwa kuti ive pakati pe pH 6.5 - 8.5. Zvakanaka kuti mvura ive isina kupindirana zvakanaka ne pH inosvika 7 uye izvi zvinogona kuongororwa uchishandisa Pool Tester, (Oxfam Code FPO ) kana water testing kits (Oxfam code FKB, FKBDI ), iyo ine huwandu hunobva pa 6.8 - 8.2. Kana pH iri kunze kwehuwandu uhwu, pH stick type meter (Oxfam Code FSMP ) ichadiwa kana multi-parameter kit FMPP ).

Kuziva kukosha kwepH kwakakoshawo, sezvo pH ichichinja kushanda kwemakemikari maviri anowanzo shandiswa mukurapa nemvura. Kuisa chlorine kunodzikira zvakanyanya kana pH yakakwira kupfuura 8, uye nguva yekubata kana dose yekutanga inofanira kuwedzerwa (ona chikamu che chlorine). Kushanda kwealuminium sulphate, inowanzoshandiswa se coagulant, kunokanganiswa zvakanyanya ne pH yakaderera kana yakakwira, ine pH iri pakati pe6.5 - 7.5 (ona chikamu 3.4 kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo).

simbi

Izvi zvinogona kuongororwa nekushandisa muchina wekuenzanisa uri nyore unoyera huwandu hwesimbi huri muChemical comparator Kit (Oxfam Code FCWT ) kana Digital photometer (Oxfam Code FMPP ). Ruzivo kubva kuvanhu vemunharaunda, pamwe chete nezviratidzo zvemavara etsvina/akatsvuka pakongiri kana mbatya, zvichapa humwe humbowo hwehuwandu hwesimbi yakakwira. Muganho weWHO i0.3mg/l.

Munyu (TDS/Kufambisa)

Munyu zvinoreva kuwanda kwemunyu unonyunguduka mumvura. Mvura yese yechisikigo ine munyu wakanyunguduka wakadai sesodium, magnesium necalcium. Sodium chloride ndiyo inonyanya kuwanda pamunyu wese. Hapana gwara reWHO rehutano remunyu uye kuravira kwemvura kunowanzova kwakashata isati yasvika padanho rainokuvadza hutano. Munyu unogona kuyerwa nemagetsi anofambisa mvura (EC) - anoratidzwa mu μS/cm, kana total dissolved solids (TDS) - anoratidzwa mu mg/l kana ppm. Kuchinja pakati pezviviri izvi hakusi kwakafanana uye kunoenderana nehuwandu hwemakemikari mumvura. Inogona kusiyana ne 0.55-0.9, zvisinei 0.67 inowanzo shandiswa se conversion factor kureva kuti mvura ine EC ye3,000 μS/cm inenge yakaenzana ne TDS ye2,000mg/l. Kuchinja kwe conductivity kunogona kuratidza shanduko mu mineral composition yemvura isina kucheneswa kana shanduko dzemwaka mumatangi, kunyangwe zvingaratidzawo tsvina yetsvina, kusvibiswa kwemaindasitiri kana kurima kana kupinda kwemvura ine munyu. Mitemo yeWHO inopa kukosha kwakanyanya kweTDS kwe1000mg/l, kunyange hazvo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi rose mitengo yepamusoro ichigamuchirwa. Chiyero chemushonga we multi parameter inzira iri nyore yekuyera parameter iyi. Muganho wenzvimbo yeOxfam TDS meter (Code FSMP) i999ppm (TDS) kana 1999 μS/cm (EC) saka hachina kukodzera munzvimbo dzine munyu wakawanda. Kana munyu wemvura wava kusvika pamuganho weWHO, vatengi vanogona kuramba kunwa mvura iyi voenda kune dzimwe mvura dzinogona kusvibiswa. Kana munyu wemvura unopfuura kugamuchirwa kwevatengi kana gwara reWHO, saka imwe nzira inogona kudiwa. Maitiro ekurapa kuderedza munyu wemvura ari kunze kwegwara iri uye anotsanangurwa mune imwe tsananguro yehunyanzvi. Kubvisa munyu kunofanirwa kutorwa senzira yekupedzisira uye, kana zvichibvira, mamwe masosi anofanira kuwanikwa.

Mamwe maIoni emakemikari

Pamusoro pemiedzo yataurwa kare, zvingave zvakakodzera kuita bvunzo dzemakemikari emvura dzinotevera; Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate, Hardness, Ammonia neFluoride, izvo zvese zvinogona kuitwa zviri nyore. Munzvimbo huru dzeBangladesh neBengal muIndia, Arsenic idambudziko guru, asi izvi zvakaoma kuona kana huwandu hwacho hwakaderera uye zvakaoma kubvisa.

Miedzo iyi yakawanda inogona kuitwa neOxfam's chemical water testing kit (Oxfam code FCWT) iyo inoshandisa visual comparator. Ongororo chaiyo inogoneka uchishandisa a

multiparameter digital photometer (Oxfam Code FMPP) uye ma reagents akakodzera. Izvi zvinogona kuodwa kana zvichidikanwa, asi hazvisi izvo zvinowanzo shandiswa neOxfam, sezvo matambudziko aya emakemikari anowanzova asina kukosha zvakanyanya pahutano munguva pfupi kana paine emergency uye haawanzo sanganisirwi.

Kana paine kushushikana pamusoro pemarara emaindasitiri neokuchera zvicherwa uye mukana wekuti aya apinde mumvura, zvinotevera zvinogonawo kuva zvinonetsa: Nickel, Zinc, Chromium VI, Manganese, Copper, Lead, Mercury neOrganophosphate (mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene). Zvisinei, mimwe yemiedzo iyi yakaoma kuita pasina michina yekurabhoritari saka kuziva kuti chii chiri kuitwa mukurima, mumaindasitiri neokuchera zvicherwa munzvimbo iyi kunogona kushandiswa pakutanga, pane kushandisa nzira yekuedza.

Pfupiso yeZviyero Zvikuru zveHunhu hweMvura

Parameter	Gwaro reWHO	Zvazvinoreva
NTU	<5	Kushanda zvakanaka kwekuuraya utachiona kunoderera pamusoro peizvi, NTU yakakwira (<20) inogona kubvumidzwa asi haigone kuvimbisa kuti mvura inobviswa zvachose.
Kuravira/Kunhuhwirira	Zvinogamuchirwa nemushandisi	Mvura isingagamuchirwi nevashandisi zvakanaka inogona kukonzera kushandiswa kwemvura inogona kunakirwa zviri nani asi isina kuchengetedzeka zvakanyanya.
Nhumbu (FC)	zero	Kana mvura ine chlorine isina chlorine, saka chlorine haina kukwana, gwara reSphere <10 CFU harina kunyanya kuomarara. Njodzi huru yeFC mumvura isina chlorine uye huwandu hwakaderera hwemvura hahuna kukanganisa hutano hwevanhu.
pH	6.5-8.5	Kushanda kwechlorine kunoderedza zvakanyanya kushanda kwealuminium sulphate pamusoro pe8. Kushanda kwealuminium sulphate kunoderedza pasi pe6.5 uye pamusoro pe7.5.
TDS	-	Hapana gwara reWHO. 1,000mg/l zvichidzika zvinowanzoonekwa sezvinogamuchirwa.
aruminiyamu	0.2mg/l	Aruminiyamu yakawandisa iri mumvura inoburitswa zvakanaka kuburikidza neweti. Humbowo hushoma hwekuti inogona kukanganisa hutano asi kugara mumvura kwenguva refu kunofanira kudzivirirwa.
Amoniya.	<1.5mg/l	Zvinokonzera kuravira nekunhuhwirira
mhangura	<1mg/l	Zvinokonzera kusvibiswa kwembatya uye zvine hutano kana munhu akabatwa kwenguva refu >2mg/l.
Chloride	<250mg/l	Hapana gwara rehutano rakaiswa reChloride asi huwandu hweChloride hunosvika 250mg/l hunogona kukonzera kuravira kunoonekwa uye kuderedza kugamuchirwa kwerunako.
chromium	<0.05mg/l	Zvinogona kukonzera kenza kana zvikadyiwa kwenguva yakareba kana zvakawandisa
Fluoride	<1.5mg/l	Kugara kwenguva refu kunogona kukonzera mazino kusviba (kuoma kwemazino) uye mapfupa kushata (kusasimba). Vana vanonyanya kubatwa nechirwere ichi.
Kuoma,	-	Hapana miganhu asi zvinogona kukonzera zvichemo zvevatengi kuburikidza nekubvisa tsvina uye kuravira kunogona kunyanyisa.
simbi	0.3mg/l	Mvura inowanikwa pasi pevhu uye kukosha kwayo kwakarongwa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekunaka kwayo sezvo simbi ichikonzera kuchinja kweruvara rwemvura.
Tungamira	<0.01mg/l	Zvinobatanidzwa nezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira tsinga dzemuuropi nemaitiro.
Manganese.	<0.1mg/l	Zvinokonzera kusvibiswa kwembatya uye kuiswa mumapaipi ari pasi pe0.5mg/l. Gwaro rehutano re0.4mg/l riri pamusoro pehuwandu hwemanganese hunowanzo kuwanikwa mumvura yekunwa.
Mercury.	<0.001mg/l	Zvine kukosha kwehutano
nickel		Zvine kukosha kwehutano
-Nitrate (seNO3)	<50mg/l	Yakabatana ne blue baby syndrome uye kenza ine simba
Sulfate.	<250mg/l	Zvinopa kuravira uye zvinokonzera ngura
Zinc.	<3mg/l	Zvinopa kuravira uye chitarisiko.

Kuti munzwisise zvakakwana nezvemhando yemvura, tarisai gwara reWHO remhando yemvura yekunwa.

Maitiro Ekurapa uye Tekinoroji

Kurapa panguva yekudya

Kudya (pombi kana simba rinokwevera pasi) kazhinji ndicho chikamu chinoregeredzwa zvikuru chekurapa, asi chakakosha zvikuru, sezvo chichibvumira kana kudzivirira marara asina kufanira netsvina kupinda muchirongwa, izvo zvinokanganisa kurapwa kunodiwa pasi. Kudya kunofanira kugara kwakagadzirirwa kuderedza kudya marara uye kusvina zvinhu zvakasimba izvo zvaizopinda muchirongwa chekurapa, asi kudzora kuyerera kwemvura nekuchenesa kunogona kuva dambudziko.

Kugadzirwa kwemigero yekudira mvura isingatarise kuyerera kukuru kwerwizi kunogona kubatsira mukuderedza huwandu hwezvinhu zvakaoma zvinotakurwa zvichiendeswa kune chero pombi yekusveta mvura. Zvakare, nzvimbo yekudira mvura kana tichienzanisa nemahombekombe kwakakosha; mvura inoyerera nekukurumidza inotakura tsvina yakawanda, uye zvakakosha kutsvaga mabheseni emvura echisikigo mukati merwizi.

Kana nzvimbo yekupinda mvura yasarudzwa, edza kuiita kuti ishande zvakanaka uchichengetedza mukana wekugadzirisa. Mitsetse miviri ine mukana wekubvumira kugadziriswa, nepo mwero wekubvisa mvura uchichengetwa mune imwe pombi uye imwe pombi inogona kuwedzerwa gare gare apo nzira yekurapa ingangove iripo kwemwedzi inopfuura mishoma. Nekuronga kwakanyatsonaka kwemitsetse yekupomba nenzvimbo dzevharuvhu, magungano ekupinda kwepombi yekusveta mvura anogona "kugezwa kumashure" munzvimbo yacho nemvura yekugeza yakasarudzwa.

Machira akaputirwa pamasefa epombi yekusveta uye mapaipi akaboorwa kana madhiramu akagadzirwa nemaoko anogona kushandiswa kuchengetedza hunhu hwakanaka hwemvura isina kucheneswa uye kureba kwayo saka kugona kwayo kuyerera kunogona kugadziriswa kuti ienderane nemamiriro enzvimbo. Kunyanya, nzvimbo inopinzwa mvura inogona kuvandudzwa nekushandisa zvimiro zvekupinzwa mvura zvakaita sedhiramu remafuta kana dhiramu repurasitiki, rakaboorwa nemaburi kuti rishande sechisefa chikuru. Magabion akavakwa nejecha rakaomarara achadzivirirawo nzvimbo dzinopinzwa mvura kubva kuzvinhu zvakawandisa zvakasungirirwa. Zvakare, matanho akareruka akadai sekuisa chisefa chepombi yekupinzwa mvura anenge 0.5m pasi pemvura (kudzivirira kukura kwealgae), asi pamusoro perwizi/dhamu (kudzivirira kukweva madhaka pasi) achava nemigumisiro yakakura. Nzvimbo inopinzwa mvura inofanira kuvakwa nenzira yekuti inogona kuburitswa nyore nyore uye kucheneswa kuderedza dambudziko rekuvharika.

Kana nguva ikabvumira, kuvaka magadheni emvura anozadzwa nejecha pedyo nepamugero wemvura kuchapa kucheneswa kuri nani, kunyangwe kungwarira kunofanira kuitwa pakuvaka zvikasadaro, zvichavharika zvakanyanya. Kana mvura isina kucheneswa iri yekuti, kunyangwe nekushandisa matangi ekutanga emvura, kurapwa kuri kukanganiswa nekuda kwekusvibiswa kwakanyanya, kunofanirwa kufungwa nezvekusefa kwemvura pamhenderekedzo yerwizi kana pamhenderekedzo yegungwa.

"Kupinda" kwemvura munzizi kunovavarira kusefa mvura painopinda muvhu kana muvhu rakasarudzwa. Nzizi dzinoyerera nekukurumidza dzinowanzova nejecha nematombo akacherwa mumhenderekedzo dzadzo uye kucherwa kwemugero wakareba wakakodzera murwizi kunogona kupa mukana wekuwana mvura yakachena yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya nekusefa kwerwizi. Nzira iyi inokurudzirwa zvikuru kana algae iri dambudziko. Zvisinei, madziva, madhamu nenzizi dzinononoka zvakanyanya dzine mukana wekuva nevhu nevhu senzvimbo yevhu uye, muchiitiko ichi, zvingave zvakakosha kugadzira drain yekusefa uchishandisa zvinhu zvinobva kunze kwenyika. Rwizi rwakapoteredza pacharwo runova sefa yehupenyu inoparadza mabhakitiriya uye inoderedza huwandu hweammonia nesimbi zvinogona kunge zviripo. Mvura inofamba pamusoro pemubhedha uyu inobatsira kuichenesa, ichibatsirwa nechero hove dziripo dzichadya tsvina idzi.

Advantages	payakaipira
Kuvandudza hunhu hwemvura panguva yekunwa kunogona kuderedza mari uye kuderedza kurapwa kunodiwa mushure mekunwa. Mabasa ekushandisa mvura anowanzo da kutarisirwa kushoma uye kugadziriswa kunotevera.	Mabasa ekutora mvura anogona kungoitwa chete mwaka wega wega kana mvura iri kuyerera zvishoma. Mabasa akakosha anogona kusaitwa sechikamu chekutanga.

Kutetepa

Kuchera mvura netsvina ndiyo nzira iri nyore yekurapa nayo mvura uye nekubvumira mvura kumira kwenguva yakareba, kuvandudzwa kuchaitwa kana tsvina yemuviri yapera uye nezvirwere zvinofa panguva yekuchengetwa kwemvura (yakamira). Zvisinei, zvinogona kunonoka kuita sedimentation pasina zvinhu zvinodzivirira mvura kuti zvibatsire uye zvinononoka kuti zvirwere zvife (zvinoda mazuva kana mavhiki akati wandei). Kugadzira sisitimu yekurapa chete panguva iyi yekuchera mvura nekuchengetedza kunogona kukonzera kudiwa kwakanyanya kwematangi nemidziyo yekuchengetera. Nokudaro, sedimentation inowanzo shandiswa sedanho rimwe chete mukurapa, kungave kwekuchera zvinhu zvakaoma kana zveflocs mushure mekuvharika/kuchera mvura (ona chikamu 3.4).

Miedzo iri nyore yekugadzika mvura muzvirongo inogona kupa gwara pamusoro penguva inodiwa yekuchengeta mvura isina kucheneswa, kunyange zvazvo mhedzisiro iyi isina kucheneswa inofanira kusimbiswa pamuti wakazara. Zvinokurudzirwa kuti kana mvura yakasungirirwa ichitora maawa anopfuura 6 - 8 kuti igare yakachena zvekuti mvura isina kucheneswa (mvura yakachena pamusoro) iri pasi pe 5NTU, saka maitiro acho anofanira kubatsirwa, kungave nekuwedzera roughing filtration kana coagulation/flocculation treatment stage. Padanho remuchina wekuchenesa mvura, nguva iyi inokurudzirwa ye sedimentation yakakwana inofanira kufungwa nezvayo zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwesystem uye mutengo wetangi/kuwanikwa, nepo padanho remhuri huwandu hwemidziyo yemvura inowanikwa nevanhu ndiyo ichava chinhu chinosarudzwa. Zvakakosha kufunga nezvekuchinja kwemwaka uye kuziva kuti sediment load inogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya nekuda kwemvura inonaya.

Matangi emvura inodonha anogona kushanda nenzira inoenderera mberi kana kuti ine matangi akawanda. Matangi emvura inodonha akagadzirwa nechinangwa anowanzova nechimiro cherectangular ane zvinhu zvemukati zvinoita kuti mvura inodonha ishande zvakanaka. Izvi zvingasashanda muchikamu chekutanga asi zvinogona kuonekwa sechikamu chemhinduro inogara kwenguva refu. Kana matangi eOxfam T kana hanyanisi anoshandiswa pakudonha, nzira dzekupinda nekubuda dzinofanira kufungwa nokungwarira kuderedza kukanganiswa kwemvura inoungana mumatangi aya pakati pemabasa ekuchenesa, zvikasadaro nzira dzekuchenesa hadzizoshande zvakanaka. Nzira yekupinda inofanira kurongwa kuti ive negokora rakatenderedzwa pedyo nepasi petangi iro rinogona kuvandudzwa nekusunga pombi kumucheto kwetangi padanho repamusoro nemaburi/maburi kuti mvura ibudiswe munzizi diki diki izvo zvichaita kuti mvura isanyanya kuvhunduka. Nzira yekupinda inofanira kunge iri muchimiro chegokora rakatenderedzwa rine urefu hwepombi yakatwasuka inenge 300mm pamusoro petangi kana kuti imwe nzira yekuyangarara inogona kusungirirwa pahosipaipi inochinjika inodhonza mvura kubva mumvura yakachena kubva pamusoro petangi. Izvi zvinoderedza kubuda kwemvura asi zvinoramba zvakagadzikana.

Nzvimbo yetangi remvura inodiwa inogona kuverengerwa nekukamura mwero wekuyerera kwemvura (m3/zuva) nekumhanya kwekugadzika (m/zuva)

Dhizaini yedhizaini	Gwara remhando dzetsika
Nguva yekuvharirwa (maawa)	0.5-3
Kutakura pamusoro (m3/m2/zuva)	20-60
Kudzika kwetangi (m)	1.5-2.5
Kureba: chiyero chehupamhi	4: 1 ku6: 1
Kureba: chiyero chekudzika	5: 1 ku20: 1

Advantages	payakaipira
Maitiro ari nyore.	Inoda nzvimbo yakakura yekuchengetera zvinhu uye nekudaro inoda nzvimbo. Inononoka kuita zvinhu. Ingasave nemari yakawanda.

Tambo yekupinda/yekutumira mvura yaive nedhizaini yekuyerera kwe36m3/awa. Tangi re10m3 sedimentation rakakwanisa kuderedza kutenderera kwemvura kubva pa45 kusvika pa25 NTU. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mamwe matangi maviri eT70 aifanira kuwedzerwa uye kuyerera kwemvura kuderedzwa kusvika pa20-25m3/awa kuti pave nenguva inodiwa yekugadzirisa (pasi pekugadzirisa kwebatch) kuderedza kutenderera kusvika pasi pe5 NTU. Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwemvura panguva yekunaya, kuwedzerwa kwealum kwaidiwawo nguva nenguva.

Kuvandudzwa kwevhu (Lamella Clarifiers)

Zvidziyo zveLamella clarifiers (kana kuti zvigaro zveplate zvakatsveyama) zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakuchenesa mvura yakasviba mumaindasitiri pamwe chete nezvivakwa zvikuru zvekuchenesa mvura zvemumaguta. Zvidziyo zvekutengeserana zvakakura, zvinoda kuungana mufekitori uye zvinowanzo fambiswa nerori kuenda kunzvimbo yacho nemugwagwa saka hazviwanzo kushandiswa nevanhu. Kuwedzerwa kwemapuleti kana machubhu akapatsanurwa (pamadhigirii 40-60) kunoita kuti mvura ifambe nenzira dzakawanda dzakamanikana, dzakafanana, uye dzinoyerera, zvichiita kuti mvura iwedzere nzvimbo inogona kuwira nekugadzika, zvichiita kuti nguva yekugara iwedzere.

Zvakanakira zvinogona kuwanikwa kubva mukugadzirisa kwakawedzerwa kwe lamella clarifier ndezvekuti inoda nzvimbo diki zvikuru, hainyanyi kushandisa simba rakawanda, inoshanda zvakanyanya uye inodhura zvishoma kuti ishande kwenguva refu; uye kana paine turbidity shoma zvinogona kureva kuti makemikari anobatsira sedimentation anogona kudzivirirwa. Lamella clarifiers dzinoshanda nekuyerera kwakasimba saka dzinoda kupomba kwakasimba kana kupomba nguva nenguva kutangi remvura risina kubikwa rine kuyerera kwegiravhiti. Zvinokonzera mutengo weimwe neimwe (kushandiswa kwemafuta akawanda vs kuchengetwa kwemvura isina kubikwa uye kufamba kwevhu) zvichakanganisa kuti ndeipi system inosarudzwa.

Kune akawanda ma "lamella" esimbi "anotakurika" ekutengeserana akaunganidzwa kare, asi huremu hwawo nehukuru hazvikwanisike kushandiswa nekukurumidza. Oxfam yakaedza kakawanda kugadzira Lamella kit iyo inogona kuunganidzwa panzvimbo yacho, inoenderana nematangi eOxfam, kupa simba re10-40m3/awa uye kuva imwe nzira inoshanda pane batch alum dosing. Panguva yekunyora uku, hatina kuwana mubatsiri weindasitiri anoda uye anokwanisa kusangana nezvinodiwa. Izvi zvaizozadzisa basa rakafanana ne "upflow clarifier", rakanyorwa mushanduro dzekare dzegwara iri neEngineering in Emergencies, iyo Oxfam yakarega kushandisa nekuda kwekushanda kwayo kwakaoma.

Advantages	payakaipira
Zviri nyore kushandisa nekugadzirisa zvichienzaniswa nekushandisa ma "batch dosing". Zvinogona kunge zvakachipa pakushandisa makemikari uye mitengo yekupomba. Zvinoda nzvimbo shoma pane kushandisa matangi e "sedimentation".	Hazvisati zvaratidzwa kuti zvinoshanda sei mukubatsira vanhu. Parizvino hazvigoneke kuti pave nemhinduro yekutanga. Zvingangoda kuti pave nekugadzira zvinhu zvepasi kuti pave nehurongwa hwakanaka hwekubvisa simba remagetsi. Zvichienderana nekuwanikwa kwevatengesi vemunharaunda.

Kugadzirwa kwetangi reT70 muBangladesh (2021). "Mabhokisi" elamella akaita sehoneycomb ane mapurofayiri echubhu imwe chete ine "tongue and groove" ayo anozoshandiswa kupisa. Izvi zvinoita kuti apihwe semakiti uye amiswe panzvimbo yacho. Pane zvikanganiso zvakawanda zvekugadzira zviri musystem iyi izvo zvakatadzisa kuumbwa kwefloc uye kuderedza turbidity kusvika pachinangwa che <5NTU. Mamwe mashoko anosanganisira kuyedza kwakafanana muUganda anowanikwa muchikamu chekuvandudza pa www.oxfamwash.org

Juba 2017-19. Nemari kubva kusangano rehuman innovation fund Oxfam neYunivhesiti yeLavel vakagadzira nekuyedza "inclined plate settler" (IPS) muJuba. Nzvimbo iyi "Lologo" inotora mvura kubva kuRwizi Nile uye yakasarudzwa nekuti paive nesystem yekurapa mvura pamusoro pemvura panzvimbo iyi, nokudaro ichipa kuenzanisa. Kuedza kwakanonoka nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekusawirirana muJuba muna 2016 uye kwakavhiringidzwa zvakanyanya nekuchinjana kwevashandi. Ongororo muna 2019 yakawana kuti unit iyi yakakwanisa kugadzira 5m3/awa nekudzikiswa kweturbidity kubva pa80 kusvika <5 NTU (pamwe chete ne alum dosing).

Kushanda kweIPS kwakafanana nehurongwa hwekugadzirisa mapombi asi pakupedzisira vashandi vaida hurongwa hwemapombi nekuti kushandiswa kwemafuta kweIPS kwaionekwa sekunge kwakakwira. Kuedza uku hakuna kupedzisa sezvo kuongororwa kwakazara kweIPS (apo Rwizi Nile rune turbidity yakawanda panguva yemwaka) kwakanga kusingagoneki uye gadziriro yakakwana yehurongwa haina kumbobvira yawanikwa (kupomba nguva dzose kunodiwa kuti ishande nematanho maviri ekupomba kwakanga kusingashande zvakanaka).

Coagulation uye flocculation

Kana zvinhu zvakawandisa zvakasungirirwa zvakaita semacolloid kana organic matter, zviripo mumvura zvisingabviswe nyore nyore nekusveta, kana kupwanyika, ipapo kushandiswa kwemakemikari kubatsira mukupwanyika uye kupwanyika kuchadiwa. Macolloid anogona kufungidzirwa semasuspending ezvidimbu zvidiki mumvura zvinogadzira chitarisiko chemakore kana chakasviba. Zvidimbu zvidiki zvine simba remagetsi uye zvinoratidza kudzoserwa kwakabatana zvinoita kuti zviome kubvisa nekupwanyika kana kusefa. Kupwanyika inzira yemakemikari apo coagulant inoparadza zvidimbu zvine chaji zvinoita kuti zvidzoke uye zvirambe zviri mu suspending. Kupwanyika inzira yepanyama apo zvidimbu izvi zvidiki zvinobatana kuburikidza nekusanganiswa kwemuchina nekwepanyama, zvinoitwa zvakanaka panguva yekukurunga zvishoma nezvishoma kuti zvigadzire mafloc makuru. Mafloc akaunganidzwa anogona kubviswa nekupwanyika uye/kana kusefa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nepo maflocculant achibatsira mukubvisa hutachiona "hunonamatira" kuzvidimbu zvevhu, haazviuraye, kureva kuti haashande semushonga wekuuraya utachiona.

Chinhu chinonyanya kushandiswa mu coagulant munyika dzichiri kusimukira ialuminium sulphate, inozivikanwa se alum, iyo inowanzo kuwanikwa mumisika yemuno muchimiro chemakristaro.

Aluminium sulfate (alum)

Aluminium sulphate (Oxfam code FAS ) - mazita anozivikanwa ekuti Alum kana Sulphate yeAlumina) inogona kuwanikwa mumhando dzemvura kana dzakachekwa uye inowanzoshandiswa secoagulant. Mhando yegranular iri nyore kutakura mumasaga, haionekwe sechinhu chine njodzi uye inowanikwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzese kunze kwenzvimbo dziri kure kwazvo pasi rose. Inogona kuwedzerwa mumvura yozununguswa kana kusanganiswa nesimba kuti igadzire mushonga wakakodzera kuisirwa mumvura isina kuchekwa mukurapa.

Aluminium sulphate inogwamba zvakanaka kana iri pakati pe6.5 ne7.5 sezvo kunyunguduka kwayo kunoenderana nepH yemvura isina kubikwa uye yakaderera kunze kwehuwandu uhwu. Kugadziriswa kwepH kunogona kuitwa kuti kugwinya kuve nani. Kuwedzera acid, kazhinji sulfuric, kunodiwa kuderedza pH, nepo kuwedzera lime kana soda ash kuchawedzera pH. Kuwedzera (acidic) aluminium sulphate mumvura kunoderedza pH uye kunogona kukonzera kuti idonhe kubva pahuwandu hwakanaka. Kana zvakadaro kuwedzerwa lime (alkaline) kuchawedzera pH uye kunobatsira kuchengetedza pH iri mukati mehuwandu hwakanaka. Segwara risingawanzoonekwi, 7-14kg ye lime yakawedzerwa ku95m3 yemvura ichapa kugadziriswa kwepH kwakakodzera, kunyangwe bvunzo yechirongo inofanira kushandiswa kusimbisa huwandu chaihwo.

Chiyero chealuminium sulphate chinodiwa pakusunga mvura pamusoro pemvura chinosiyana asi chingangove chiri pakati pe25 - 150mg/lita kana 25 - 150g/m3 ⁽ iyi ndiyo huremu hwealum, iyo 25% chete yehuremu uhwu ialuminium sulphate, yasara imvura). Chiyero chakakodzera chealum chichabatanidza zvinhu zvakasungirirwa mumvura pamwe chete kuita mapundu makuru "anopfava". Izvi zvinozorema zvakakwana kuti mvura igadzikane mukati meawa imwe chete kana maviri. Mvura yakagadzika pamusoro inofanira kunge yakajeka, kureva <5 NTU kuti ibvumidze chlorination inoshanda.

Kuisa mushonga wakawandisa kana wakawandisa kunogona kukonzera kusashanda zvakanaka kwemvura yemushonga uye kutungamira kune zvasara zvealuminium mumvura yechigadzirwa zvinopfuura zvinokurudzirwa neWHO (WHO inokurudzira aluminium <0.2 mg/l). Nekuda kwechikonzero ichi uye kuti uve nechokwadi chekushandisa mushonga usingadhuri, zvakajairika kuita bvunzo dzezvirongo kuti uone mushonga wakakodzera. Shanduro yakapfava yebvunzo iyi yakagadzirirwa basa reOxfam mumunda, uko rutsigiro rwe "rabhoritari" rwakajairika rusingazowanikwe.

Shanduro yapfuura yegwara iri yakataura kuti kushandiswa kwenguva refu kweAlum hakukurudzirwi. Aluminium sulphate inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muhurongwa hwekuchengetedza mvura hwemaguta asingachinji pasina chero migumisiro yakaipa inozivikanwa pahutano. WHO inobvuma migumisiro yakanaka yekushandiswa kwealuminium se coagulant mukurapa mvura uye inopa zano pamusoro pekukosha kwekugadzirisa maitiro ekuomesesa kwealuminum kuderedza huwandu hwealuminum mumvura yakarapwa. Kune zvirimwa zvikuru, zvinoshanda zvakanaka uye zvinodzorwa zvakanaka, huwandu hwealuminum hwasara mumvura yekupedzisira ye0.1 mg/l hunofanirwa kuwanikwa. Kune zvivako zvidiki, huwandu hwealuminum hwasara hwe0.2 mg/l hunotarisirwa zvine musoro.

Kuwanikwa kwealum yakawanda, kushanda kwayo pamhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemarara, kugona kurapa mvura yakawanda uye nyore kwayo kushandisa, zvinoita kuti kuyedza alum ive nzira inonyanya kushandiswa yekuderedza marara kubva mumvura panguva yekutanga uye kusvika mhinduro yenguva refu yakasimba uye inodhura yagona kushandiswa.

Ferric chloride neferric sulphate zvinoshanda pamusoro pe pH ye4.5 kusvika pa pH 9 asi hazviwanikwe zvakanyanya se alum (ona mufananidzo 6).

Pamvura chero ipi zvayo, mamiriro akakodzera anosiyana zvichienderana ne pH, turbidity, makemikari akaumbwa, rudzi rwe coagulant, tembiricha uye mamiriro ekusanganiswa (kuvhiringika kwekusanganisa coagulant zvakakwana zvichiteverwa nekukurunga zvishoma nezvishoma kukurudzira kuumbwa kwe floc)

Kuziva Dose - Kuongororwa kweJar

Chinangwa chebvunzo yemubhodhoro ndechekuona huwandu hwakakodzera hwemushonga wekushandisa wega wega kana painenge ichishandiswa flocculation inoshanda. Kudurura bhaketi remushonga wealum mutangi remvura uye kukurunga nemaoko hakusi "flocculation inoshanda" asi dzimwe nguva kunodiwa kana paine njodzi dzakakomba. Izvi zvingangoita kuti pave nemasaririra akawanda ealum mumvura yechigadzirwa, kunyangwe zvisingafanirwe kutyisidzira hutano hwenharaunda kwenguva pfupi. Kushandiswa kwese kwekurapa mvura kwakasiyana maererano nemhando yemvura isina kubikwa, mamiriro emvura uye kunyange hunhu hwe coagulant batch. Mamiriro akanaka e flocculation yakanaka haaonekwe chete nedosi yakakwana ye coagulant, asiwo nemamiriro emuviri e coagulant dosing. Nhungamiro yedanho nedanho yekuti ungaedza sei mubhodhoro uchishandisa 1% alum solution inowanikwa muAppendix 2 uye inofukidzwa zvakadzama mubhuku reOxfam coagulation and disinfection.

Kuwedzera Alum kuMvura

Kuti aluminium sulphate ishande zvakanaka uye kuti mvura ibude yakachena, inofanira kusanganiswa nemvura nekukurumidza. Nguva pfupi mushure mekunge yasanganiswa nemvura, inorasikirwa nekushanda kwayo kwakanyanya, saka zvakakosha kuti isanganiswe nemvura yese.

Nzira yakanakisisa yekuita izvi ndeyekusanganisa upfu hwealuminium sulphate nemvura shoma kuti ugadzire mhinduro ye10%, wobva wawedzera mhinduro iyi mumvura painopinda mutangi. Izvi zvinoitwa seizvi;

• Kuti kuyerwa nehukuru kuonekwe sehuremu: 1 litre yegranular alum inorema magiramu 1100. Kuwanda kwemvura yealum kunoitwa seizvi:
• Mushonga we10% alum unogadzirwa nekunyungudutsa magiramu zana egranular alum mu 1 litre yemvura yakachena (sanganisa ne isingasviki 1 litre wobva waita vhoriyamu yekupedzisira). Mushonga uyu uchanzi 10% Oxfam Alum Solution.
• Mhinduro ye10% yeOxfam Alum = 100,000 mg/1 (100,000ppm) yeAlum

Kuongororwa nguva dzose kwearuminiyamu kunofanira kuitwa mutangi rechlorinating, uchishandisa muchina wekuenzanisa wakapihwa muOxfam code FMT kit. Kana izvi zviri pamusoro pe0.2mg/l, zvingava zvakakosha kuongorora huwandu hwearuminiyamu huri kuiswa mumvura isina kubikwa, maitiro ekusanganisa uye/kana pH yemvura kuti zvionekwe kuti iri mukati mehuwandu hwakakwana kana kuti inoda kuwedzerwa lime (kuwedzera PH) isati yavharwa.

Tsvina yakapwanyika ine njodzi uye zvirongwa zvinofanira kuitwa kuti iraswe zvakanaka. Pakutanga kwehupenyu hwenzvimbo iyi zvinogona kukwana kuirasa mugomba risina kudzika rakacherwa pedyo, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvisingazogutsi kwenguva refu kana mvura yemugungwa ikasvibiswa kana kuti inogona kuyerera mumvura iri pedyo.

Kuyerwa kwedivi rekusvuta

Kana pombi yekusveta pamusoro pemvura ichidiwa kuti ibvise mvura kubva kwainobva, nzira iri nyore yekuwedzera coagulant ndeyekupinza mumutsara wekusveta wepombi nepaipi diki ine dhayamita. Kubata dhayamita diki kunoshandisa kusveta kwepombi huru kutora mhinduro ye coagulant kubva mumudziyo. Kit yevharuvhu yedosing ( Oxfam code FASDV ) inobvumira kuti kuyerera kudzorwe nemazvo uye zvishoma nezvishoma. Itsika yakanaka kuisa mita diki yekuyerera online kuti ione kuyerera kwejekiseni nemavharuvhu papombi ye coagulant nepamutsetse mukuru wekusveta. Pombi ye coagulant inofanira kubatana nepasi pemutsetse mukuru wekusveta kuti ideredze njodzi yemhepo yakavharirwa ichikanganisa maitiro ejekiseni. Kana mutsetse wekusveta wakareba, njodzi yekuputika kwemhepo mukati memvura isina kubikwa inowedzera. Sezvakaitika kare, kutonga kwese kwedosing kunogona kuwanikwa nekusiyana kwekuyerera kwepombi ye coagulant uye huwandu hwe coagulant solution. Zvisinei, kufanotaura kwehuwandu hwese uye huwandu hwe dosing yepamusoro yekushandiswa kwakapihwa hazvina chokwadi usati watanga kushanda system; Zvinokurudzirwa kuti miedzo yekuongorora iitwe usati wagadzirisa huwandu hwe coagulant. Sisitimu iyi inoda kutarisirwa nguva dzose sekuenzanisa pakati pehuwandu hwemvura inoyerera.

Coagulant yakadonhedzwa mumvura

Nzira iri nyore asi isinganyanyi kushanda yekupinza coagulant mumvura ndeyepanopinda mvura ichipinda mutangi. Izvi zvinoda kuvakwa kweshongwe (yehuni) iyo inogona kuiswa mabara/madhiramu kuti idonhedze aluminium sulphate pamusoro pemucheto wetangi uye murwizi rwemvura painopinda mutangi. Panoshandiswa matangi makuru eOxfam, puratifomu iyi inofanira kunge yakakura zvakakwana kuti isvike pamusoro pemuromo wetangi.

uye yakasimba zvakakwana kuti itore huremu hwevanhu. Izvi zvinotora nguva kuti zvivakwe uye hazvizokodzeri kushandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu anokurumidzira kana kuti anochinja nekukurumidza.

Mhinduro yacho inoiswa mudhiramu umo inodonhera mumvura ichipinda mudhiramu nechiyero chakayerwa. Kumhanya kunobuda mhinduro mudhiramu kunofanira kunge kwakaita kuti mudziyo ushaye chinhu panguva imwe chete dhiramu razara. Kazhinji, dhiramu repurasitiki kana resimbi remafuta rine pombi rinoshandiswa. Mugero unofanirwa kugadziriswa kuti ukurunga zvinyoro nyoro kuti zvive nyore kugadzira flocs uye zvinoitwa zvakanaka uchishandisa hosipaipi inochinjika ye 1-2m yakareba yakasungirirwa yakatwasuka padivi pedhiramu iyo inoita kuti mvura yedhiramu itenderere ichitenderera painozadza dhiramu.

Settlement

Mushure mekunge aluminium sulphate solution yasanganiswa nemvura, panofanira kuva nenguva yekukurunga zvinyoro nyoro nekusanganisa mvura iri mutangi kuitira kuti aluminium sulphate ishande pamvura yese. Munguva iyi, tsvina dzese diki (dzinoramba dzakamira kana kuti dzinonyura zvishoma nezvishoma) mumvura dzinokweverwa kumvura inodonha kubva mualuminium hydroxide sulphate particles, kuti pave nezvidimbu zvakakura zvefloc, izvo zvinonyura nekukurumidza. Pakupedzisira, izvi zvinoumba sediment pasi petangi. Nguva iyi inogona kuva maawa maviri kusvika mana. Mushure menguva iyi yekugadzikana, mvura inofanira kunge yakachena zvakakwana kuti idururwe mutangi rinotevera (kazhinji tangi rechlorinating). Kurongeka kwekubuda kwemvura kunofanirwa kunge kwakaita sematangi e sedimentation.

Advantages

payakaipira

Inozivikanwa zvikuru/inoshandiswa zvakanyanya saka iri nyore kuisa. Alum inowanikwa zvakanyanya. Yakakodzera mvura yechikamu chekutanga uye yepakati. Yakakodzera mvura yakawanda isina kuchena. Kana yaiswa, inowanzoda kutarisirwa kwakanyanya uye kugadziriswa kunotevera.

Zvingangoda nzvimbo yakakura yekuisa matangi emvura asina kubikwa, ekusanganisa uye ekugadzika. Zvinoda vashandi vakadzidziswa, hazvikodzeri kutungamira nharaunda. Kushanda zvakanaka kunoderera sezvo acidity/alkalinity ichiwedzera. Aruminiyamu yasara mumvura haidiwi saka kungwarira kunofanirwa kutorwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti yakaringana uye yasanganiswa. Kurasa tsvina kwakachengeteka kunofanirwa kufungwa nezvako.

Kusefa kwemafuta anokasira - mafirita ekutanga ekukwira kwemvura

Mafirita emvura anogona kushandiswa kuderedza huwandu hwemvura inonyungudika (yakanyungudika) mumvura isina kucheneswa kuti zvideredze matambudziko ekurapwa kwemvura gare gare. Nzvimbo yakadzika ye 1.0-1.2m yejecha inogona kuderedza mvura inonyungudika ne75%, kunze kwekunge paine matambudziko emvura inonyungudika yakaoma ye colloidal.

Mafirita ekukwesha anowanzo gadzirwa mumatangi ane nhamba dzakatevedzana (tangi rega rega riri danho), achishandisa nzvimbo isina kukwesha zvishoma nezvishoma mutangi rega rega. Hunhu hwemvura isina kukwesha huchasarudza kuti ingani matanho, kureva kuti matangi mangani efirita ekukwesha achadiwa. Matanho akawanda akashandiswa (kazhinji haapfuuri matatu) ndiko kukura kwekuchenesa pamvura. Kana mvura yakachena, firita imwe chete, kana imwe ine nzvimbo nhatu dzakasiyana dzedhiraivha mutangi rimwe chete inogona kukwana.

Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvekutanga zvemiti zvinoitwa pachikero chemuenzaniso zvichapa mhedzisiro yakanakisa pakugadzirwa kwesystem uye miedzo iyi inofanirawo kufunga nezvekuchinja kwemwaka mumhando yemvura. Segwara, mafirita ekugadzira anofanirwa kuve nechinangwa chekugadzira mvura iri nani.

Kuyera kwakajairika kwe40mm, 20mm uye 10, huwandu hwemhando imwe chete hwakafanana hunoratidzwa mutafura inotevera:

Saizi Yesefa Yakajairika mm	Percentage neHuremu Kupfuura neStandard Sieves dzeNominal Single-size Aggregate
	Yakakora (40mm)	Pakati (20mm)	Zvakanaka (10mm)
50	100	-	-
37.5	85-100	100	-
20	0-25	85-100	-
14	-	-	100
10	0-5	0-25	85-100
5	-	0-5	0-25
2.36	-	-	0-5

Sefa yekukwesha yakavakirwa pachikamu che multi (3) muchivakwa chetangi rimwe chete inogona kutaridzika seizvi; GradingKudzika kwechikamu

600mm yakakora
Pakati nepakati 300mm
300mm yakanaka

Nerukoko rwakakombama pasi pemafirita emvura anobuda. Kana mvura isina kunaka ichida kuti pave nehurongwa hwematanho matatu (kureva matangi matatu), matangi acho anogadzirwa akatevedzana achishandisa saizi yepakati yakafanana, kutanga netangi repakati rakakombama riri kumusoro.

Nhungamiro yekuti mafirita mangani angadiwa inogona kutorwa kubva paruzivo runotevera asi ichagara ichitariswa nehunhu hwemvura isina kubikwa: (Zvinofungidzirwa kuti achavakwa mumatangi eOxfam T11).

Kubuda kwema upflow prefilters kunotsanangurwa nekushandisa loading inowanzo kuve pakati pe 0.6 - 1.0m ³ /m ² yenzvimbo yesefa/awa asi 0.6m ³ /m ² /awa yakaratidzwa kuti ndiyo inoshanda zvakanyanya.

kureva Kuburitswa = Nzvimbo yeRonga yeTangi reT11 (1.3 x 1.3 x 3.142) x Kurodha x marita 1000/awa.

Segwara, sefa yekukwesha yakavakwa nezvikamu zvitatu mutangi rimwe chete ine 85% yekushanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa.

0.3 m/awa uye 75% pa0.6m/awa. Mafirita matatu ekukwesha ari mumutsara ane % yekubvisa simba re87 - 92% kana achishanda pa0.3 - 0.6m/awa (zvese izvi zvinoreva kuti mvura isina kucheneswa iri 30-500 NTU). Semuenzaniso, izvi zvinogona kureva kuti kana mvura isina kucheneswa iri NTU 50 uye yaida kuiisa mu chlorine, saka mafirita matatu ekukwesha ari mumutsara aizodzikisa NTU kusvika pa5, izvo zvaizogamuchirwa. Zvisinei, kana mvura isina kucheneswa iri NTU80 uye yaida kupinza mvura mufirita yejecha inononoka, saka firita imwe yekukwesha ine layer yakawanda yaizodzikisa NTU kusvika paNTU20, izvo zvaizogamuchirwa.

Kushanda Kwakajairika kwe3 No, T11 Tank Series:

UPF ine simba 1 = 400 NTU (Mvura isina kuchena) Mvura yakasviba UPF 1 = 120 NTU (UPF ine simba 2)

UPF 2 yetsvina = 36 NTU (Influent UPF 3)

Nzira yekubvisa tsvina UPF 3 = 12 NTU (Kumwe kurapwa kunoshandiswa)

Kushandisa mafirita ekukwesha anoda matombo akacheneswa uye akakura zvinotora nguva kuti zvivakwe. Nekuda kweizvi, kushandiswa kwemacoagulants kunokurudzirwa muchikamu chekutanga, sezvo zvichigona kuderedza zvinhu zvakasimba zvakamiswa nekukurumidza uye zvinoda matangi mashoma.

Advantages	payakaipira
Zviri nyore uye zvine tekinoroji shoma uye saka zvakakodzera sechikamu chemhinduro inogara kwenguva refu. Inoshanda sechinosefa chekutanga	Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pane matombo akacheneswa uye mvura yakakwana yekuchenesa. Danho rechipiri rekugadzirisa rinogona kudiwa usati waisa chlorine. Zvinotora nguva kuvaka saka zvinogona kusakodzera kushandiswa nekukurumidza muchikamu chekutanga.

Mazano anoshanda ekuisa mafirita ekugadzirisa mvura uchishandisa matangi eOxfam anowanikwa mubhuku reOxfam Technical pa "Water Filtration Equipment".

Kamudzira kusefa

Matanda ekugadzira anopa dzimwe nzira dzinoshanda pane kusefa kwechisikigo kuburikidza neminda yejecha kana yematombo. Kudzikira kwemitengo yematanda kwakabatana nekuwanda kwevatengesi vanopa mhinduro dzekuchenesa mvura vachishandisa matanda.

Kubviswa kwemunyu ne reverse osmosis hazvina kufungwa nezvazvo pano. Pakubvisa zvidimbu zvemuviri - zvidimbu ne micro filtration ndizvo zvinonyanya kukosha.

Kubuda kwemvura ndicho chinhu chikuru chinodzivisa ma membrane filters. Kuti zvikwanisike kudiwa kwakawanda, ma filters anoshanda panguva imwe chete anowanzo diwa. Kuchenesa nguva dzose kunodiwa sezvo ma membranes anogona kuvharika zviri nyore uye mwero wekuvharika kwacho wakabatana zvakananga nekusvibiswa kwemvura inoyerera. Kazhinji mvura isina kubikwa inofanira kunge iri 100 NTU kana pasi kudzivirira kumira nguva dzose kwekugezesa filter backwashing. Pamusoro peizvi, filter yekutanga inokurudzirwa. Vagadziri vanoti nekuwedzera zvidimbu uye microfiltration, mvura isina kubikwa inosvika 500 NTU inogoneka nekuwedzera backwashing yema pre filters.

Pamwe mhinduro iri nyore yekurapa mvura yakawanda ndiyo Sky Juice inonzi " Skyhydrant " - iyo inofefetera mvura zvishoma, inofambiswa nemaoko, inogadzirwa muAustralia.

Hydrant "GEM" ine simba remamita zviuru zvishanu pazuva uye inodhura (£1,000/yuniti ¹ ) nepo Sky hydrant hombe "MAX" ine simba remamita zviuru gumi (£1,500/yuniti). Dzose dzinoda musoro wekushanda wemamita maviri kusvika mana, saka gadziriro yakanaka inowanzo kuve nekupomba tangi remvura risina kubikwa nechisimba kuburikidza nefirita kuenda kutangi remvura yakachena uye kugoverwa kwetapstand. Mayuniti akawanda anogona kurongwa panguva imwe chete kuti agutse kudiwa kwakanyanya, semuenzaniso murwi wemaSky hydrants gumi (£15,000) unogona kupa vanhu zviuru zvishanu.

MaSky Hydrants haashande zvakanyanya, haadi simba rakawanda uye maSky Hydrants ane hunhu hwakasiyana-siyana, saka anogona kushandiswa nevanhu vadiki kusvika pakati nepakati. MaSkyhydrant akaomesesa uye akareruka (9 ne13kg zvichiteerana) saka anodhura zvishoma pakutakurisa ndege uye ari nyore kubata, kutakura uye kuisa.

Kana mvura yakakwira, maburi ekusefa anokurumidza kuvhara uye mwero wekuyerera unoderera. Kana zvinhu zvakawandisa, izvi zvinogona kudiwa maawa ese 1-2 uye zvinoda "kuzunungusa nekukwesha" nemaoko nekushandura mubato, kutenderera kunotora maminetsi 1 kusvika 2 kuti upedze pachikamu chimwe nechimwe.

Oxfam yakashandisa Skyhydrants mukupindura kuPakistan Earthquake, Sri Lanka (Tsunami) uye munguva pfupi yapfuura Indonesia (Palu response). Kune huwandu huri kuramba huchiwedzera hwemabrandi nevatengesi vema membrane filters. Mamwe akasungirirwa paskedhi, anosanganisira mapombi uye otomatiki yakazara yekudzosera kumashure ma membranes.

Kurapa membrane kunogona kukodzera kana kurapwa nemakemikari kusingafarirwe nekuda kwekushaikwa kwe alum ne chlorine kana kana kugona kwehunyanzvi kuri kushoma - semuenzaniso munharaunda yekumaruwa. Zvisinei, matambudziko ekushanda ekuchenesa nekugadzirisa zuva nezuva uye kuchenesa membrane nemakemikari nguva nenguva kana kugadzirwa kwadzikira hazvifanirwe kurerutswa.

Advantages	payakaipira
Yakaoma, yakareruka uye iri nyore kuisa (semuenzaniso inogona kuiswa kumashure kwerori diki yekurapa system inofambiswa). Yakachinjika saka inochinjika kune vanhu vakasiyana. Inodhura zvishoma kune nharaunda diki. Iri nyore kushandisa nekugadzirisa. Inogona kushanda isina magetsi kana zvemagetsi. Mvura ine tangi rimwe chete yekuchenesa mvura inonwiwa.	Zvinodhura kana kudiwa kwacho kwakanyanya. Kushanda kunodzikira nekufamba kwenguva. Mhinduro pfupi kusvika pakati nepakati chete. Kuti pave nekutonhora >100NTU yekuwedzera ye prefilter inofanira kufungwa nezvayo. Ma membranes haana kusimba uye anogona kukuvara zviri nyore kana misoro yekushanda ikadarika. Masisitimu e otomatiki akaomarara kuchengetedza uye anoda simba.

Makiti ekurapa epakeji

Aquaplus P4000/Scanwater Emwat 4000

Chigadzirwa chakakwana chinotakurika chinosanganisira Alum dosing, mafirita maviri ejecha rinomanikidzwa uye chlorination, anokwanisa kurapa mvura ine turbidity inosvika 500NTU uye kugadzira kusvika 4,000l/awa. P4000 inogadzirwa muIndia uye inodhura.

£10,000 yakachipa zvikuru pane European Emwat 4000 uye nekuda kwechikonzero ichi ndiyo yave iri sarudzo yaifarirwa neOxfam kare. Nekuda kwekumhanya kwekuisa uye nzvimbo inodiwa, nzvimbo yekurapa ndiyo yakakodzera kwazvo kupindura mafashamo nedzimwe nzira dzekutanga apo mhinduro yekukurumidza uye yenguva pfupi inodiwa. Usati wafunga nezvemichina iyi, zvakakosha kufunga nezvenguva yekugovera sezvo ruzivo rwekare rwakaratidza kuti panguva iyo michina inosvika kwayaida, mamiriro acho ezvinhu anogona kunge achinja uye angasachadiwi. Nekuda kwekushomeka kwezvinodiwa, Oxfam parizvino haina kuchengetedza chinhu ichi uye nguva yekuchiendesa kubva kufekitori muIndia imavhiki matanhatu. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mainjiniya eOxfam angangoshandisa rudzi urwu rwemichina chete kana yatove muNyika sechikamu chemichina yedu kana yeUN Agency.

Masisitimu eNyeredzi

Kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemabrandi uye masisitimu ekurapa ma membrane ari kuwanikwa zvakanyanya mumisika yemuno. Semuenzaniso, nzvimbo yakanaka yekutanga musika weAfrica ndeye Davis naShirtliff. Website. Masisitimu avo e modular akaiswa mufuremu anogona kupa simba kubva pa 2-30m3/awa. Kusiyana nemafirita eSkyhydrant akareruka, masisitimu makuru e membrane anowanzo kuve nehukuru hwakasiyana-siyana hwemapore efirita, anogona kusanganisira chlorination, anoda simba uye ane mwero wepamusoro we automation. Zvichienderana nekusvibiswa kwemvura inobva, kugadziriswa kwekuwedzera kunogona kudiwa kudzivirira kuvharika nekukurumidza/kugezwa musana kakawanda, saka zvakakosha kujekesa pane zvinodiwa zvesisitimu iri kufungwa nezvayo. Mutengo uye kuwanikwa kwechigadzirwa, kugona kwevashandi, rutsigiro rwekutengesa mushure mekutengesa, kuvimbika kwesimba, topography, mamiriro enzvimbo zvese zvinhu zvakakosha kuti uongorore kunaka kweizvi nezvimwe sarudzo.

Advantages	payakaipira
Inogona kuiswa nekukurumidza uye kuiswa saka yakakodzera mhinduro yechikamu chekutanga. Yakabatana.	Hazvina kukodzera vanhu vakawanda kana kuti kudiwa kwemvura kwakanyanya. Kushanda kunodzikira nekufamba kwenguva. Hazvina kukodzera kushandiswa munharaunda. Nguva yekutenga inononoka. Hazvina kukodzera kushandiswa kwenguva yepakati kana refu

Kuzviona

Mvura yakasviba uye yakasvibiswa inogona kuva nezvinhu zvakawanda zvinokuvadza. Zvinhu zvinokonzera zvirwere zvinosanganisira mabhakitiriya, zvipembenene zvebhakitiriya, mavhairasi, protozoa nehelminths. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera zvirwere zvakaita secholera, bacillary dysentery, typhoid, infectious hepatitis uye manyoka. Kuuraya utachiona mumvura kunovavarira kuuraya utachiona uhwu pasina kusiya zvinhu zvinokuvadza mumvura.

Mishonga yekuuraya utachiona yemakemikari yemvura inofanira kunge iine zvinhu zvinotevera:

• Paradzai tupukanana twose turi mumvura mukati menguva yakakodzera.
• Kukwanisa kuita mukati memazinga ekupisa nemamiriro emuviri anosangana nawo.
• Bvisa utachiona mumvura pasina kusiya zvinhu zvinokuvadza.
• Bvumira kuyerwa kuri nyore uye nekukurumidza kwesimba nekutarisa.
• Siya huwandu hwakakwana hwezvinhu zvinosara senzira yekudzivirira kusvibiswa mushure mekurapwa.
• Kuwanikwa kwakagadzirira uye kwakavimbika pamutengo unonzwisisika.

Kurapa nemvura kwakadai sekusefa uye kusefa kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya huwandu hwezvirwere mumvura. Chlorine inoshandiswa kuuraya zvasara.

Chlorine

Chlorine ndiyo kemikari inonyanya kushandiswa sezvo ichizadzisa zvakawanda zvezvinodiwa pamusoro apa zvekuuraya utachiona uye inowanzo kuwanikwa zvakanyanya mune imwe nzira (ona chikamu chiri pazasi). Pasi pemamiriro akakodzera, chlorine inouraya mavhairasi ese nemabhakitiriya, asi mamwe marudzi eprotozoa nehelminths haadi chlorine. Protozoa nehelminths zvakaoma kuona zvakananga, asi kana izvi zvichifungidzirwa kuti zvine njodzi, zvingave zvakakosha kushandisa mafirita eMembrane kuti abvise tupukanana utwu (tudiki pane utwu ndiGiardia cysts pa7-10microns, nepo cryptosporidium oocysts iri 4-6 microns).

Kana chlorine yakakodzera ikaiswa mumvura, chikamu chayo chete ndicho chinowanikwa kuti chiuraye mavhairasi nemabhakitiriya. Chikamu ichi chinonzi "Free Available" kana "Available" Chlorine (AC). Chlorine diki chete ndiyo inodiwa kuti iuraye mvura yakasviba.

Kana yawedzerwa, chlorine inoshanda inoda nguva yakati kuti iuraye mavhairasi nemabhakitiriya ari mumvura. Izvi zvinonzi "nguva yekubatana" uye kazhinji inotora maminetsi makumi matatu kuti mvura ine pH isina kusimba. Zvisinei, nguva yekubatana inodiwa kuti chlorine inoshanda ishande zvizere inoenderana nezvinhu zvakawanda, izvo zvinonyanya kukosha ipH nekupisa kwemvura. Kupisa kwemvura kwakakwira kunoita kuti chlorine ishande nekukurumidza. Mvura yakamira mubhaketi rakavhurika icharasikirwa nekuravira nekunhuhwirira kwechlorine (uye nekudaro simba rekuuraya utachiona) mushure memaawa mashoma painonyangarika mumhepo.

Mvura zhinji isina kubikwa ine pH iri pakati pe6.5 - 8. Sezvo huwandu hwepH huchikwira, hunhu hweklorini hwekuuraya utachiona hunoderera uye papH 9 simba rekuuraya utachiona harisi rakawanda. Ona Tafura 1 pazasi.

Nguva yekuonana haifanirwe kunge iri pasi pemaminitsi makumi matatu.

Kana mvura inofanira kucheneswa ine zvinhu zvakawanda zvakasungirirwa uye/kana zvinhu zve organic (kureva kuti ine madhaka akawanda), inenge ichidiwa zvakanyanya ne chlorine. WHO inokurudzira kuti turbidity isingasviki NTU imwe chete kuti chlorination ishande mukuparadza mabhakitiriya nemavhairasi ese, kunyangwe 5 NTU iri muganho unogoneka uye ichave yakakwana muzviitiko zvakawanda. Saka, zvinokurudzirwa kubvisa zvinhu zvakasungirirwa zvakanyanya sezvinobvira usati watanga chlorination. Izvi zvinoderedza zvakanyanya huwandu hwe chlorine inodiwa uye zvinovandudza kushanda kwayo semushonga wekuuraya utachiona.

Kana simbi nemanganese zviri mumvura kuti zviomerwe, huwandu hwakawanda hwechlorine hunogona kusangana nazvo kuti hugadzire zvinhu zvisinganyunguduke mumvura. Saka, zvinobatsira kubvisa simbi nemanganese. Izvi zvingasagoneke nguva dzose, kunyange hazvo nzira dziri nyore dzekufema dzingave dzakakodzera.

Kana chlorine yakawandisa ikawedzerwa mumvura uye yasara yakakwira zvakanyanya, mvura yacho ichava nekuravira kusingafadzi uye kunhuwa, uye vatengi vachada zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kunge zvakasvibiswa zvakanyanya. Mvura isina kunaka kune mumwe munhu inogona kugamuchirwa nemumwe munhu uye kutongwa kweizvi kunobva pamaonero avo. Kazhinji kana yasara yechlorine yakasununguka yakakwira kupfuura 0.6 mg/l vanhu vazhinji vanoona kuravira kusingafadzi uye vanoedza kutsvaga imwe nzira.

Nguva yekubata/chlorine inosara inodiwa kuti utachiona husapararire zvachose pa pH yakakwira

pH	Kusara kwechlorine kunodiwa pa20oC (mg/l)	Nguva inodiwa yekubata hutachiona zvinobudirira (maminitsi)
8.0	0.5	30
8.5	0.2	206.0
	0.5	82.5
	0.8	52.0
	1.0	41.0
	1.5	27.5
9.0	0.2	412.0
	0.5	165.0
	0.8	103.0
	1.0	82.0
	1.5	55.0

Rimwe dambudziko mumamiriro ezvinhu enjodzi kushandiswa kwemidziyo yemvura yakasviba. Nguva nenguva, kamwe chete pasvondo kana kamwe chete pamwedzi, chlorine yakawedzerwa inofanira kuwedzerwa mumvura kuitira kuti pave nechinhu chinosara chinosvika 1 mg/l, kubatsira kugadzirisa kusvibiswa kunogona kuungana mumidziyo iyi, kunyange izvi zvichizofanira kuitwa nekutaurirana neveruzhinji.

Nzvimbo inoyerwa FCR inokosha - panobva mvura, painotorwa, kana painonwiwa. Zvakanaka kuti mvura irambe yakachengeteka uye njodzi yekusvibiswa zvakare isapararire, mvura inosara inosvika 0.2 mg/L inofanira kuchengetwa painonwiwa kusvika kapu yekupedzisira yemvura yanwiwa.

Mhando dzechlorine

Chlorine ine NGOZI. Mitemo yekuchengetedza ine chekuita nekushandiswa kwayo inofanira kuteverwa nguva dzose.

Gasi uye chlorine dioxide

Gasi rechlorine ne chlorine dioxide zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuchenesa mvura muEurope. Zvisinei, kubata nekutakura mvura iyi kunoonekwa sekwakanyanya kuipa kune mamwe mapurojekiti ayo Oxfam kana vamwe vayo vangangobatanidzwa maari.

Karusiyamu Hypochlorite – Ca(OCl)2

Calcium hypochlorite, inozivikanwawo sebleaching powder kana chlorinated lime, inouya seupfu hune chlorine inosvika 33%. Inochengetwa mumidziyo inodzivirira ngura. Kana mudziyo wangovhurwa, upfu hunokurumidza kurasikirwa nesimba rahwo. Izvi zvinogona kukosha zvikuru semuenzaniso, inenge 5% mumazuva makumi mana kana mudziyo ukavhurwa kwemaminitsi gumi chete pazuva, kana kuti inenge 20% kana ukasiyiwa wakavhurika kwenguva yese.

Hupfu hahuwedzerwi zvakananga mumvura kuti hucheneswe. Nzira yakajairika ndeyekugadzira mhinduro ye1% chlorine inowanikwa woiisa mumvura.

Mukugadzira mhinduro idzi, zvinokurudzirwa kuti simba risapfuure 5% yechlorine iripo. Padanho iri rekuwanda kwechlorine inogona kurasika sezvo ichinyudzwa netsvina. Mhinduro yakasimba zvikuru i1% yechlorine inowanikwa. Mhinduro dzechlorine dzinogona kurasikirwa nesimba kupfuura upfu hwebleaching. Zuva nekupisa kwakanyanya zvinogona kukurumidzisa huwandu hwechlorine inoshanda inorasika. Kuti kuderedza kurasikirwa kwakadaro, mhinduro inofanira kuchengetwa munzvimbo ine rima uye patembiricha yakaderera. Mhinduro inofanira kuchengetwa mumidziyo ine rima inodzivirira ngura (girazi, purasitiki, huni, ceramic) iyo inofanira kuvharwa zvakanaka.

Mishonga yechlorine yakasimba inowanikwa pamusika. Inodhura kutenga asi nekuti inogara kwenguva refu muchitoro, inogona kudhura zvishoma nekufamba kwenguva. High Test Hypochlorite (HTH) ndeimwe yemhando yeCalcium Hypochlorite yakagadzikana. Ine chlorine iri pakati pe60 - 70% inowanikwa uye kana yakachengetwa zvakanaka icharamba iine simba rayo rekutanga isina kurasikirwa kukuru. Inowanikwa muchimiro chemapiritsi kana granular. Mimwe mishonga yakagadzirwa inosanganisira ICI Tropical bleach - 34% inowanikwa chlorine uye Stabochlor - 25%.

Sodium dichloroisocyanurate Dihydrate (NaDCC)

NaDCC yakatsiva HTH mukati meOxfam Supply centre apo yekupedzisira yakaverengerwa sechinhu chine njodzi pakutakura zvinhu nendege. NaDCC inopihwa semagranules mumabhavhu e5kg (Oxfam Code FCL) uye ine huwandu hushoma hweChlorine hwe50%.

Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl)

Sodium Hypochlorite inowanzo kuwanikwa semushonga unozivikanwa sebleach, kunyange hazvo isingatsivi Calcium Hypochlorite kana NaDCC. Zviri mu chlorine zvinowanikwa zvinobva pa1-5% asi zvinogona kusvika pa18%. Usati washandisa mishonga iyi, huwandu hwe chlorine huripo hunofanira kuzivikanwa. Mhinduro dzinova dzisina kugadzikana kana huwandu hwe chlorine huchikwira.

Kutenga mishonga ye sodium hypochlorite hakudhuri kana ikashandiswa zvakanyanya, sezvo mitengo yekufambisa yakakwira. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nehuwandu nehuremu hunofanira kutakurwa. Zviri nani kutenga mhando dze chlorine dzakapfurwa uye kugadzira mishonga yekuwedzera mvura panzvimbo yacho.

Mapiritsi/mapukisi anonyungudutsa zvishoma nezvishoma

Trichloroisocyanuric acid imhando yechlorine isingachinji inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kuuraya utachiona mumadziva ekushambira. Kana ikachengetwa munzvimbo dzisina hunyoro patembiricha iri pasi pe25 ^o C, inogona kuramba yakasimba kwemakore maviri. Sezvo yava kunzi ndege dzine njodzi dzisingachapihwe neOxfam supply centre. Medentech ikozvino inopa NaDCC puck pasi pezita rayo rekuti "Aquatab Flo". Izvi zvava kuwanikwa mumisika yemuno uye zvinogona kushandiswa kuburikidza ne "inline dispenser" dzinogona kugadzirisa kuyerera uye nekudaro kumhanya kwekunyungudika/kuzara kana kuburikidza nemidziyo ye chlorine inoyerera (Code FFP ). Musanganiswa uyu unonyungudika zvishoma nezvishoma mumvura saka wakakodzera kuuraya utachiona mumvura yekunwa mumatsime kana panodiwa kuburitsa chlorine zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvinokurudzirwa kuti rudzi urwu rwechlorine rusashandiswe mumvura yekunwa kwemwedzi inopfuura mitatu mugore rimwe chete uye kwete kupfuura 10mg/l. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti njodzi dzehutano dzine chekuita nekushandiswa kwenguva refu kwemapiritsi dzakaderera zvikuru pane njodzi inobva mukunwa mvura isina utachiona.

Kuziva huwandu hwechlorine.

Kana uchishandisa chlorine kuuraya utachiona mumvura yekunwa, chinangwa ndechekuuraya mavhairasi nemabhakitiriya ese uye wobva wasiya chlorine shoma mumvura. Iyi chlorine yasara inonzi "residual chlorine". Iyo chlorine yasara inodiwa nekuti inogona kuuraya utachiona mumvura kana yatorwa, semuenzaniso kubva mumidziyo yemvura yakasviba. Zvinokurudzirwa kuti pave nechikamu che chlorine chisina kusvibiswa che 0.2-0.5 milligrams pa litre (mg/l) panguva yekushandisa.

Kudiwa kwechlorine mumvura kunosiyana zvikuru kubva panzvimbo imwe kuenda kune imwe. Saka, zvakakosha kuti munhu ane basa rekuita chlorine akwanise kuverenga kudiwa kwechlorine chaiyo yemvura inofanira kugadziriswa.

Iyi inzira iri nyore yekuedza nekudzokorora. Huwandu hwakati hwe chlorine solution hunogona kuwedzerwa mumarita emvura inofanira kurapwa, semuenzaniso yakakwana kupa 3, 4 kana 5mg/l. Chlorine yasara inogona kuyedzwa mushure memaminitsi makumi matatu. Kudiwa kwechlorine kunogona kuonekwa nekubvisa yasara kubva muhuwandu hwechlorine yakawedzerwa.

Kudiwa kweChlorine = Dose Inozivikanwa - Chlorine Yasara

Kana kudiwa kwechlorine kwaverengwa, huwandu hunodiwa hwechikafu hunogona kuwedzerwa nemasvomhu kuti pave nehuwandu hunodiwa hwechlorine pa litre imwe neimwe yemvura. Semuenzaniso kudiwa kwechlorine = 3.5 mg/l, kudiwa kwechikafu kunodiwa = 0.5 mg/l, kudiwa kwechlorine = 4 mg/l. Nhamba iyi inobva yashandiswa kuverenga huwandu hwemushonga uchawedzerwa pahuwandu hwemvura ichagadziriswa.

Zvekushandisa: Kana uri mumvura 1 mg/lita (mg/l) = chikamu chimwe pamiriyoni (ppm).

Zvakakosha kuti huwandu hwechlorine yasara huyerwe sezvo izvi zvichiratidza kuti maitiro echlorination akashanda sei. Bvunzo iri nyore kwazvo inosanganisira kushandisa kit yakagadzirirwa kuyera huwandu hwechlorine mumadziva ekushambira. Inonzi kit yekuedza dziva (Oxfam code FPO ).

Muenzaniso wemvura inofanira kuyedzwa unoiswa mu comparator uye piritsi reDPD Nhamba 1 rinodonhedzwa mariri. Chlorine iri mumvura inosangana nepiritsi reDPD kuti ipe mwero weruvara mumvura. Ruvara urwu runoenzaniswa zvakananga nechati yeruvara iri pakiti. Simba reruvara rinozoudza mushandi mwero wechlorine yasara. Kuti aone huwandu hwechlorine iri mumvura (chlorine isina chlorine + chlorine yakashandiswa) piritsi reDPD Nhamba 3 rinowedzerwa muchikamu chimwe chete nemvura yakaedzwa nepiritsi reDPD Nhamba 1 uye kuverenga kwacho kunotorwa zvinoenderana. (Kiti inogonawo kuyera pH yemuenzaniso wemvura nenzira yakafanana yekuenzanisa uchishandisa phenol red tablet.)

Munguva yemwaka wemvura, hunhu hwemvura munzizi hahuchinji zvakanyanya, saka kana nzira dziri pamusoro dzikatevedzerwa, zvinokwanisika kugadzira mvura yemhando yepamusoro nguva dzose. Munguva yemvura, hunhu hwemvura munzizi hunogona kusiyana zvakanyanya zuva nezuva. Klorini yakawedzerwa ingangodiwa uye huwandu uhwu hunogona kungoonekwa nekuedza nekukanganisa, uye pfungwa iri nani yehuwandu hunodiwa ichaonekwa sezvo vanoshanda vachiwana ruzivo rwemasystem avo ega ega.

Kuwedzera chlorine mumvura.

Mhinduro ye1% chlorine inowanikwa inokurudzirwa sesimba remushonga uye inofanira kushandiswa nekukurumidza mushure mekuigadzira. Tafura inotevera inopa gwara rinofungidzirwa rekugadzira 1% yemushonga kubva mumakemikari akasiyana-siyana echlorine. Huwandu hwemakemikari anodiwa hunoenderanawo nezera remushonga unoshandiswa kugadzira mushonga, nguva refu yekuchengetera ichideredza simba remushonga zvakanyanya.

Huwandu hwemakemikari hunodiwa kuti pagadzirwe 1 litre ye 1% Chlorine Solution

Kunobva Chlorine	Chlorine % inowanikwa	Huwandu Hunodiwa (g)*
Upfu hweBleeching	34	30 - 40
IYE	70	14
Bleach yeTropical	34	25
Bleach Yakagadzikana	25	40
bvisa ruvara	1% Solution	---

* Kana zvikero zvisipo, zvingava zvakakosha kuita fungidziro. Chipunu chimwe chete chine huremu hunosvika 14g, asi ichi hachisi chiyero chakavimbika.

Huwandu hwemakemikari aya hunofanira kuwedzerwa mu 1 litre yemvura nenzira inotevera. Huwandu hwemakemikari hunodiwa kugadzira 1% solution hunoiswa mumudziyo wakakodzera (zviri nani kushandisa purasitiki) uye mvura yakakwana inowedzerwa kugadzira kirimu yakapfava, kana iri bleaching powder. Zvakanakisisa kushandisa stirrer yehuni kupwanya mapundu. Kana mapundu ese apwanyika, kirimu inofanira kusanganiswa kusvika pahuwandu hunodiwa uchishandisa mvura yasara uye kusanganiswa zvakanaka. Madhaka anofanira kuregwa kuti agare, uye mvura yakacheneswa inobviswa kuti ishandiswe semushonga wekuuraya utachiona mumvura icharapwa. Kune granular form, dzakadai se: HTH, kuwedzera huwandu hunodiwa mu 1 litre yemvura uye kumutsa zvinenge zvakakwana kuti zvive nechokwadi chekusanganiswa kwakanaka.

Kana dose yawanikwa, huwandu hwe chlorine hwakaenzana ne vhoriyamu hunogona kushandiswa kuyera huremu hwe chlorine uye nekudaro kuona huwandu hunofanira kushandiswa pakurapa. Chlorine muchimiro cheHTH powder ine huwandu hunosvika 800g/litre.

Mushonga we1% unoshandiswa senzira yekuuraya utachiona mumvura yakawanda sezvakaratidzwa mutafura 3 pazasi:

Huwandu hwe chlorine solution inofanira kuwedzerwa mumvura dzakasiyana

Chipimo cheChlorine Chinodiwa	Vhoriyamu ye1% Mhinduro inofanira kuwedzerwa
	10 marita	100 marita	1,000 marita
1 mg / l	1 ml	10 ml	100 ml
5 mg / l	5 ml	50 ml	500 ml
10 mg / l	10 ml	100 ml	1 litita

ml = mamirimita

Kushandisa mifananidzo isina kurongeka kuti upe 5mg/l yechlorine mudura remarita zviuru makumi mana nemashanu (45,000 liters) zvinoda marita makumi maviri nemaviri nehafu e1% solution.

Mitemo yekubvisa chlorine

• Kurapa kwakakosha kuti mvura isapfuure 5NTU usati waisa chlorine.
• Tarisa pH netembiricha kuti zvikubatsire kuona nguva yekusangana kwechinhu.
• Iva nechokwadi chekuti nguva shoma yekubata mushonga inobvumirwa usati wadya.
• Nguva dzose edzai kuti muone kana paine chlorine yasara.
• Tevedzera gwara rekuchengetera kemikari iri kushandiswa.

Kusefa Kwejecha Rinononoka (SSF)

Kuisa chlorine mujecha kusati kwatanga kushandiswa, kusveta jecha zvishoma nezvishoma chete kwakaratidzwa kuti kwakaderedza zvakanyanya kuwanda kwezvirwere zvinotapukira mumvura muUK. Pamwe hapana imwe nzira yekurapa inogona kuvandudza, kusvika padanho rakadaro, mhando yemvura inorarama, makemikari uye yemuviri. Ichiri nyore, yakavimbika uye inoshanda, zvisinei, SSF yave ichitsiviwa zvakanyanya nedzimwe nzira dzinosanganisira mafirita ejecha repressure, mafirita e membrane e synthetic, lamella clarifiers uye coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation. Kune mapurogiramu eOxfam, SSF ingangove yakakodzera munzvimbo dzavari kutoshandiswa, uko kune huwandu hwakawanda hwejecha rerwizi rakanaka uye sechikamu chemhinduro inogara kwenguva refu uko chlorine isingagoneke uye/kana iri sarudzo inofarirwa nevakuru vemunharaunda/masangano/vadyidzani.

Kana ikashandiswa nemazvo, sefa yejecha inononoka inogona kubvisa 99% kana kupfuura yehuwandu hweE.coli (mabhakitiriya anoratidza kuvapo kwetsvina) uye kunyangwe tembiricha yemvura ichidzika kusvika 3 ⁰ C, avhareji ye97% yeE.coli nehutachiona hwehutachiona hunogona kuchengetedzwa. Zvisinei, mafirita ejecha anofanira kukura kwemavhiki mashoma schumzdecke isati yatanga kushanda zvizere uye panguva iyi zvinokurudzirwa kuisa chlorine mumvura kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti inonwiwa (chlorine ichauraya schumzdecke kana chlorine ikaiswa isati yasyungururwa).

Sefa yejecha rinononoka yakakodzera kuchenesa mvura yemhando yepamusoro ine hunyoro hushoma (NTU 10-20), kunyange hazvo matunhu eNTU 40-60 akachengetwa kwenguva pfupi. Sefa yejecha rinononoka ibhokisi rakavhurika rakaburitswa pasi uye rakazadzwa nechinhu chekusefa (kazhinji jecha rakachena uye dombo kana matombo). Mvura isina kucheneswa inoiswa munzvimbo iri pamusoro pejecha uye inopfuura nemujecha negiravhiti. Kucheneswa kunoitika panguva iyi yekudzika uye mvura yakanatswa inoburitswa nemumadhireni ari pasi. Sefa yejecha haisi nzira yekuongorora mvura chete asi sefa iyi inogadzira mushonga unoshanda zvikuru we micro-biological wemvura. Sefa iyi icharamba ichishanda kwemavhiki akati wandei kana kupfuura isina kucheneswa asi inoda kuyerera nguva dzose, izvo zvinogona kuoma, kuitira kuchengetedza kushanda kweSchumtzdecke.

Mafirita ejecha rinononoka anogona kuva chikamu chemhinduro inogara kwenguva refu uye kupa imwe nzira inoshanda munzvimbo dzekumaruwa uye/kana uko kuwanikwa kwemakemikari ekuuraya utachiona kuri kunetsa. Chikepe cheOxfam SSF chakavakwa munzvimbo yeFizi muDRC panguva yekuparadzwa kwevanhu muRwanda muna 1994 chakawanikwa chichiri kushanda apo timu yeOxfam yakadzoka muna 2017.

Advantages	payakaipira
Nzira yekurapa mvura yakasimbiswa isina tekinoroji yakawanda. Hapana makemikari anodiwa kuti mvura iwane mvura yakachena. Inogona kukodzera mushure menguva yenjodzi	Inoda kuyerera nguva dzose uye kutarisirwa kwakanyatsonaka kuti iite kuti ishande zvakanaka. Kazhinji hazvikodzeri nguva yekukurumidzira. Njodzi yekusvibiswa kwemvura kunze kwekunge yashandiswa chlorination mushure mekurapwa.

Nhungamiro dzinoshanda pakuisa mafirita ejecha rinononoka uchishandisa matangi eOxfam dziri muOxfam Technical manual pamusoro pe "Water Filtration Equipment". Oxfam Supply Centre haisisina kit yekusefa jecha rinononoka asi bhuku iri rinopa runyorwa rwakazara rwezvinhu zvinodiwa, zvinogona kuodwa kana uchida.

pH kugadzirisa

Chinhu chinonyanya kushandiswa neOxfam ialuminium sulphate powder (Oxfam code FAS ), iyo kunyange isiri coagulant yakasimba, ine mukana wekuti inogona kutakurwa nendege zviri nyore uye inowanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi. Zvisinei, ine pH yakamanikana, inoshanda zviri nani pakati pepH 6.5 ne7.5 uye kunze kwemiganhu iyi kushanda kwayo zvakanaka.

inodzikira saka yakawanda inofanira kushandiswa kutsiva. Izvi zvinoitika sezvo kunyungudika kwearuminiyamu kunowedzera zvakanyanya kunze kwerudzi urwu, zvinoreva kuti kana pH yakakwira zvakanyanya kana kuti yakaderera zvakanyanya, floc precipitate haigone kuumbwa nyore nyore. Sezvo kuwedzerwa kwearuminiyamu sulphate (acidic) mumvura kunoderedza pH (nekuita nealkalinity yayo yechisikigo), pane njodzi yekuti pH yemvura inogona kudonha kunze kwerudzi rwakakodzera. Kana mvura isina alkalinity yakakwana kana kugona kuvharira, mamwe alkali anofanira kupihwa, kazhinji nekuwedzera Quick lime (CaO), sezvo izvi zvichawedzera pH yemvura. Segwara, inenge 7 - 14kg yelime inowedzerwa ku95m3 ^yemvura ichapa mwero wakakodzera wekugadzirisa pH, kunyangwe zviri pachena kuti huwandu chaihwo hunofanira kutsanangurwa sechikamu chemiedzo yejagi.

Kubviswa kwesimbi

Kufefetera kunogona kushandiswa kuderedza huwandu hwesimbi. Kufefetera kuchaita kuti Ferrous Iron (II) iokisijeni kuFerric Iron (III) isinganyungudike uye mvura inogona kubviswa nechinhu chinobuda. Basa rapfuura rakaitwa pakushandisa nzira isina kuoma yekufefetera nekusefa, umo magadzirirwo emiti yekubvisa simbi anogona kuitwa nyore. Kupfuura nemvura nepaipi ine maburi, kunoita kuti mvura isafemereke zvakanyanya, iyo inofefetera zvakakwana kuti iokisijeni kuIron, zvichiita kuti iseferwe mujecha risina kudzika.

Kudzika kwejecha re 0.1m ne 0.15m kwakaedzwa nejecha re 1.18mm (rakatsigirwa pamubhedha we 0.05m wejecha re 6mm) uye kudzika kwe 0.2m kwakaedzwa nejecha re 1.3mm. Iron ine mvura yepasi pevhu (avhareji 7.5mg/l) yakaendeswa kumibhedha yekusefa. Mibhedha yejecha ye 1.18mm yaigara ichiburitsa mvura yakasefa iyo yaisvika pamazinga akakurudzirwa neWHO e 0.3mg/l (kureva kuderedzwa kwe 96%), nepo jecha re 1.3mm richiburitsawo mvura iri pasi pemuganhu weWHO, asi isingagari nguva dzose.

Mafirita aya anovharwa nenguva nekuda kwemagasi akabatwa uye simbi inodonha asi anogona kucheneswa, vhiki rega rega kana kana mvura yaderera (ona tafura), nekukurunga zvinyoro-nyoro pasi pejecha katatu netsvimbo, uchingwarira kuti usakurunga zvakanyanya sezvo izvi zvichizokanganisa biofilm.

Mwero wekuyerera kwemvura wakajairika m/awa

	zvakachena	Yakavharwa
Jecha re1.18mm	1.91	0.51
Jecha re1.30mm	3.18	0.76

Mamodule ekurapa mvura eOxfam

Module yeKurapa Mvura Yekukurumidza

Module iyi ine midziyo yese yekugadzira nzvimbo diki uye yenguva pfupi yekuchenesa mvura muchikamu chekutanga. Inoshandisa pombi yakareruka, kit yekusveta divi uye tangi rehanyanisi re30 m ³ rekusveta nekusefa, wozozadza mabladder maviri e10 m ³ e chlorination nekuchengetera. Zvichibva pamaawa angangoita matanhatu ekuisa mvura mumasefa uye maawa maviri ekuzadza nekuburitsa mvura mumasefa, module iyi inogona kupa mvura inosvika 60 m ³ pazuva iyo inopa mvura kuvanhu vanosvika 4,000. Module iyi inosanganisira michina yekuyera nekuyedza mvura, kuti ione huwandu hwemakemikari ekuisa mvura mumasefa. Inosanganisirawo kit yezvishandiso zvekuisa nekuramba uchigadzirisa.

Module iyi inogona kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa neinjiniya wePublic Health ane ruzivo pamwe nevashandi vatatu vehunyanzvi kana vakadzidziswa. Kuti kurapwa kushande zvakanaka, kushanda kwemaawa gumi nemashanu kusvika gumi nemasere pazuva kunodiwa.

Zvikamu zvakabatanidzwa

mutsetse	kodhi	uwandu	tsananguro
1	TRR30	1	Kiti yetangi, Hanyanisi – 30m³
2	TBT10	2	Kiti yetangi, Dundira – 10m³
3	FASD	1	Kiti yeKuyedza Kwemakemikari, Rutivi rweKuyedza
4	PR2	1	Pombi yepombi, Mvura Yepamusoro, 2″ – Injini yepeturu yakareruka
5	TWCT	2	Oxfam Jerry Bucket, marita gumi nemana - mazana maviri
6	G215	2	Pombi, Yakasimbiswa Zvisingachinjiki, 2″, 30m
7	G216	6	Kubatanidza, hose, 2″BSP(F)
8	G217	3	Kubatanidza, hose, 2″BSP(M)
9	G218	12	Chidimbu chepaipi, chakasungirirwa
10	G223	2	Tie, Yakaenzana, 2″, BSP(F)
11	G325	2	Gokora, 3″ BSP(F)
12	G320	2	Nipple, 3″ BSP(M)
13	FCL	25	Chlorine, granules, 5 kg
14	FAS	1	Aluminium sulfate, granules, 25 kg - 40 pcs
15	FMT	1	Kiti yekuyera nekuyedza mvura
16	FPO	2	Pooltester - ye chlorine ne pH
17	FD1	1	Mahwendefa, kukurumidza kuedza kwePooltester - 250 pce
18	FPR	1	Mahwendefa, kukurumidza kuedza kwePooltester - 250 pce
19	OS	1	Kiti yezvishandiso, Nzvimbo

Vhoriyamu (m³): 8.202

Kurema (kg): 2208

Mutengo Unoratidza (GBP: £12,000

Module yeKurapa Mvura yeMedium Scale Batch

Module iyi ine zvese zvinodiwa kuti pave nehurongwa hwekuchenesa mvura huri nyore hunosanganisira flocculation, sedimentation uye chlorination. Zvichienderana nenguva inosvika maawa matanhatu yekuisira mvura (tichishandisa matangi maviri ekurapa) pamwe nemaawa maviri ekuzadza nekuburitsa mvura, zvinokwanisika kupa matangi anosvika mana kana 180 m3 yemvura yakanatswa pazuva iyo inopa mvura kuvanhu vanosvika zviuru gumi nezviviri. Module iyi inosanganisira michina yekuyera nekuyedza mvura, kuti ione huwandu hwemakemikari anoyerwa. Inosanganisirawo kit yezvishandiso zvekuisa nekuchengetedza nguva dzose.

Module iyi inogona kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa neinjiniya wePublic Health ane ruzivo pamwe nevashandi vatanhatu vehunyanzvi kana vakadzidziswa. Kuti kurapwa kushande zvakanaka, kushanda kwemaawa gumi nemasere pazuva kunodiwa.

mutsetse	kodhi	uwandu	tsananguro
1	T45S	3	Kiti yetangi, 45 m³, Simbi
2	T45L	3	Kiti yetangi, 45 m³, Mudziyo wepurasitiki nezvimwe zvinowedzerwa
3	Tur	1	Denga retangi, repasi rose, PVC
3	FASD	1	Kiti yeKuyedza Kwemakemikari, Rutivi rweKuyedza
5	P4	1	Kiti yepombi, Mvura Yepamusoro, 4″, injini yedhiziri
6	G315	2	Pombi, Yakasimbiswa Zvisingachinjiki, 3″, 30m
7	TBTM	1	Kiti yeFittings, kurapwa kwebatch
11	FCL	25	Chlorine, granules, 5 kg
12	FAS	1	Aluminium sulfate, granules, 25 kg - 40 pcs
13	FMT	1	Kiti yekuyera nekuyedza mvura
14	FPO	2	Pooltester - ye chlorine ne pH
15	FD1	1	Mahwendefa, kukurumidza kuedza kwePooltester - 250 pce
16	FPR	1	Mahwendefa, kukurumidza kuedza kwePooltester - 250 pce
17	OS	1	Kiti yezvishandiso, Nzvimbo
15	OL	1	Ladder

Mutengo Unoratidza (GBP): £20,000

Vhoriyamu (m³): 8.202

Kurema (kg): 2208

Kushanda/Kutarisira (mvura yakawanda)

Kubudirira kwemari

Muchikamu chekutanga kukurumidza kwenjodzi uye kuona kuti zvinodiwa nekukurumidza zvazadzikiswa ndicho chinhu chinonyanya kukosheswa. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera sarudzo dzenguva pfupi dzisiri mhinduro yakakodzera kana inodhura zvakanyanya. Zvirongwa zvinofanirwa kugadzirwa nekukurumidza kana zvaonekwa kuti mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kutora mwedzi yakawanda kwete mavhiki. Zvakakosha kufunga nezvemhando, huwandu uye kuvimbika pamwe chete nekushandisa mari zvakanaka, kugara kwenguva refu uye kufunga nezvekuti ndiani achava nebasa rekutarisira kwenguva refu, kuti zvinhu zvinoshandiswa uye zvinhu zvinotsiva zvichawanikwa sei, hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hupi uye kuti zvese izvi zvichabhadharwa sei mumamiriro ezvinhu enguva dzose ekubatsira vanhu apo mari inokurumidza kudzikira sezvo chikamu chekugadzikana chichienderera mberi, matambudziko matsva anoitika kune dzimwe nzvimbo uye inova imwe dambudziko refu, rakakanganwika.

mashandiro

Kuchenjerera kunofanira kuitwa kuti pave nekubatana kwakanaka pakati penzira dzekupomba nekushandisa mishonga yemakemikari. Nguva dzese panodiwa kupomba mvura kubva kunzvimbo yacho, mushandi wepombi anofanira kuzivisa munhu ane basa rekushandisa mishonga yemakemikari, kuitira kuti vagone kuwedzera mishonga yacho panguva chaiyo. Nguva dzese tangi remvura risina kubikwa radururwa mutangi rechlorination, mushandi wepombi anofanira kuziviswa kuitira kuti matangi emvura asina kubikwa agone kuzadzwazve, kuitira kuti pave nehuwandu hwakawanda hwemuchina wacho. Purogiramu yekuburitsa mvura mupombi/tangi inofanira kunyorwa, ichitsanangura nguva yemabasa ese anofanira kuitwa uye kuti ndiani anoaita. Vashandi vanofanira kuzadza mafomu kuti vanyore mashandiro chaiwo - ona fomu 3 muAnnex 3.

Monitoring

Maparamita akasiyana-siyana anofanirwa kuyerwa nguva nenguva, kuti:

• Nyora kana nzira dzekushanda nekurapa dziri kushanda nemazvo.
• Zvinoratidza kuti panofanira kugadziriswa marapirwo zvichienderana nekuchinja kwehunhu hwemvura isina kubikwa.
• Batsira kudzora masheya.

Kushanduka kwemvura, pH, manyoka, alum carry over, chlorine residual, zvese zvinofanira kuyerwa uye fomu yakajairika yekuita izvi inosanganisirwa muAnnex 3, fomu 2. (Shandisa FMT kit )

Zvinyorwa zvezuva nezuva zvehuwandu hwemvura yakaburitswa nesystem, pamwe chete nehuwandu hwemakemikari nemafuta anoshandiswa pazuva zvinofanirawo kuchengetwa. Zvinyorwa izvi zvinofanira kupfuudzwa kune vatariri, kana mainjiniya anotarisira kuitira kuti vazivewo zviri kuitika musystem. Izvi zvinobvumira kuronga pachine nguva kuitira kuti makemikari, mafuta nezvimwewo zvigone kuodwa kuti zvichengetwe mustock. Zvinyorwa izvi zvicharatidzawo matambudziko nesystem, sezvo seti yezvinyorwa zvakanaka inogona kubatsira kukurumidza kuona dambudziko, ona Annex 3, fomu 3.

Kushandisa uye kubata zvakachengeteka makemikari

Mabhegi kana midziyo ine makemikari inofanira kuchengetwa mudura rakachengeteka. Inofanira kudzivirirwa kubva kunaya, kunyorova nezuva, uye inofanira kuchengetwa pasi pamapallet emapuranga kana mamwe akafanana nawo. Makemikari asina kuchengetwa zvakanaka anogona kuora uye kusabatsira zvakanyanya. Makemikari anodhura uye haaraswe nyore nyore kana kutsiviwa kana aora. Kana makemikari achitengwa munyika, mhando yawo inofanira kuongororwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti zviri kutengwa ndezvehuwandu hwakatarwa uye hunodiwa.

Makemikoro anofanira kubatwa nekungwarira. Aluminium sulfate uye, kunyanya chlorine, zvinofanirwa kushandiswa chete munzvimbo dzine mhepo inofefetera zvakanaka. Dzivisa kufema utsi/hupfu hwemakemikari.

Chlorine inogona kuva nengozi zvikuru. Kana yanyorova, kana kuti yasanganiswa nemvura, inova nengozi. Kana ichisanganiswa nemvura, wedzera hupfu hushoma panguva imwe chete, wobva wakurunga zvakanaka kuti usaparadze. Magorovhosi erabha anofanira kupfekwa paunenge uchishanda nechlorine kudzivirira maoko.

Kana mushonga we chlorine ukapfapfaidza paganda rako kana mumaoko ako, geza nekukurumidza nemvura yakawanda. Kana mushonga wacho ukapfapfaidza mumaziso ako, sukurudza kakawanda nemvura yakachena, uye ona chiremba nekukurumidza. Mushonga wealuminium sulphate (alum) unoparadza zvakanyanya. Unonyungudutsa madhiramu esimbi zvishoma nezvishoma.

Kurasa tsvina uye kuchenesa matangi

Maitiro ekudonha kwevhu, zvinoreva kuti ivhu rinoparadzaniswa nemvura rosiyiwa pasi petangi setsvina kana mvura yakachena yadururwa mumatangi e chlorination. Tsvina inounganidzwa kuburikidza nekushandisa alum ine huwandu hwakawanda hwesimbi uye kungwarira kunodiwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti haisvibisi mvura yepamusoro kana ivhu rekurima. Munguva pfupi zvinogona kuitika kuti mvura idururire mugomba riri pedyo kana mvura ichipinda muvhu, asi njodzi dzekusvibisa mvura yepasi pevhu dzinofanirawo kufungwa. Haifanirwe kudonhedzwa mumvura. Nzira iyi inofanira kutevedzera mitemo yenharaunda uye inogamuchirwa nevakuru vemunharaunda nenharaunda iri munzvimbo inochengetwa mvura. Nekufamba kwenguva, kuraswa kwetsvina kunogona kuva dambudziko guru rezvekufambisa uye zvakatipoteredza. Kana zvakadaro, dzimwe nzira dzekushandisa makemikari dzinofanira kufungwa nezvadzo.

Pakuchenesa matangi, timu yevatsvairi inofanira kupinda mutangi vachishandisa mabhurashi, kuchenesa tsvina kubva mutangi nokungwarira, uye kuchenesa madziro nepasi petangi. Paunenge uchiita izvi, zvakanaka kusuka tangi nemushonga wechlorine usina simba (0.05%). Kazhinji, kuchenesa uku kunoitwa vhiki rega rega kana mavhiki maviri, asi dzimwe nguva, kunogona kuitwa kashoma pane izvi.

Zvakanakawo kugeza tangi re chlorination nguva nenguva, kunyange hazvo izvi zvisingazodi kuitwa kakawanda setangi re sedimentation.

Zvakakosha kuti kungwarire kukuru kusabvarura mipendero yematangi. Shangu dzinofanira kubviswa, uye maturusi akapinza haafanirwe kushandiswa kana kuiswa mutangi. Kana mvura yakasviba zvakanyanya, tsvina yakawanda ichagadzirwa, iyo ingave isingabviri kubviswa nepaburi repasi re 3″. Muchiitiko ichi inofanira kubviswa nemaoko kana kucheneswa nemvura.

Matambudziko kana aluminium sulphate (alum) yakawandisa ikashandiswa

Panguva dzakasiyana, huwandu hwealum hunofanira kuwedzerwa hunosiyana, zvichienderana nehunhu hwemvura. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana mvura yakasviba kupfuura yakajairika, alum yakawanda kupfuura yakajairika inofanira kushandiswa. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuti huwandu hwakawedzerwa husanyanya kuwanda, zvikasadaro pachava nealum inotakurwa mumvura yekunwa, zvichiita kuti mvura ive nekuravira kwesimbi. Izvi hazvizokuvadzi vanhu panguva iyoyo, asi zvinogoneka kuti mushure memakore akati wandei, hutano hunogona kukanganiswa kwenguva refu. Nekuda kwechikonzero ichi, kungwarira kukuru kunofanira kuitwa kuti alum yakawandisa isashandiswe.

Kutungamira nekudzidziswa

Muzviitiko zvese zvataurwa pamusoro apa, manejimendi akanaka nekudzidziswa kwakakosha kuti tive nechokwadi chekuti matanho anoteverwa sezvakatarisirwa. Bhuku rekushandisa rinofanira kunyorwa rinotsanangura zvese zvine chekuita nekugadzirwa nekushanda/kuchengetedzwa kwehurongwa uhu izvo zvinofanira kusanganisira:

• Nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwehurongwa.
• Chero zvirongwa zvekuvandudza mune ramangwana.
• Kuongorora hunhu hwemvura.
• Seti yakazara yemifananidzo yehurongwa hwehurongwa, nzvimbo dzinoratidza mavharuvhu/majoini nezvimwewo, dhizaini yekukwira ine maprofile emapaipi.
• Purogiramu yakazara yekushanda yakanyorwa ine nguva dzekushanda kwese; kuyerwa kwemakemikari nehuwandu, mashandiro/kugadzirisa pombi uye kushandiswa kwemafuta, nguva dzekuvhura nekuvhara mavharuvhu ese. (Iva neizvi mumutauro wemushandisi kana achigona kuverenga.)
• Rondedzero yemazita evashandi vese, vane mabasa, nguva dzekushanda uye vanobatsirwa kana vasipo/varwara nezvimwewo, zviyero zvemihoro uye chimiro chevashandi.
• Ruzivo rwevane maneja vanofanirwa kuzivisa kune vanofambisa kana paine dambudziko, uye kuti ndiani anofanira kutora matanho. (Vane maneja ava vanofanira kubatwa navo zuva nezuva, kungave pachiso kana neredhiyo kana vanofambisa vasina simba rekugadzirisa ivo pachavo).

Uye zvakare, zvakakosha kuti:

• Chengeta zvinhu zvinogona kukuvadzwa kwenguva yakabvumiranwa, uye chengeta zvinhu zvinogona kukuvadzwa, uye chengeta zvinhu izvi zvakanaka.
• Chengeta makemikari akawanda (uchitarisira nguva yekushanda kwechlorine) uye mafuta akakwana kwenguva yakabvumiranwa uye uchitarisira masheya, uine ruzivo rwakajeka rwekuti ndiani anotenga izvi uye riini. Pane bhajeti iripo here?

Kurudziro nekubhadhara vashandi ndeimwe pfungwa inokosha. Nguva dzekushanda, kunyanya husiku apo pachava nekutarisirwa kushoma kana kusina uye apo vashandi vanogona kurara, dzinofanira kugadziriswa nokungwarira kudzivirira matambudziko. Kubhadharwa nekukurudzira kunofanirwa kuiswa pamusoro zvakakwana kukurudzira basa kuti rive nekupinda nekushanda kwakakodzera, nepo kubatanidzwa kwakazara netsananguro zvichabatsira kupa vashandi pfungwa yekubatanidzwa. Ruzivo rwavo mukushandisa sisitimu runofanira kugamuchirwa uye kushandiswa pazvinenge zvakakodzera.

Chekupedzisira, panofanirawo kuva nenguva yekudzidzisa vashandi vemasystem kuburikidza nekuita nhanho yega yega yebasa, vachiona kuti vashandi vanogona kuratidza kuti zvinoitwa sei. Izvi zvinofanirwa kuteverwa nekushanya kunoongorora hunhu hwemvura nehuwandu hwayo uye kupa kudzidziswa kwekudzokorora. Zvakare, zvichave zvakakosha kuwana mhinduro kubva kune vashandisi, semuenzaniso vapoteri pachavo, kuona kuti zvese zvakanaka kubva pamaonero evashandisi. Kudyidzana kwenharaunda kunofanirwa kuiswa sechikamu chekudzidziswa.