Ukulahla indle ekhuselekileyo yeyona nto iphambili xa kukho imeko kaxakeka, kodwa kuthatha ixesha kunye nezixhobo ezininzi ukuyiphumeza. Le Ngxelo yoBugcisa ihlola ukusetyenziswa kweengxowa zendle ukugcina indle ekhuselekileyo kunye nokulahla kwiimeko zikaxakeka zasezidolophini. Le Ngxelo ikwahlola iindlela zokwakha iinkqubo zolawulo lwendle ezipheleleyo ukuqinisekisa kungekuphela nje ukulahla ngokukhuselekileyo, kodwa nokuqinisekisa isidima kunye nokhuseleko lwabasebenzisi.
intshayelelo
Ukugcinwa kunye nokulahla indle ekhuselekileyo zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwimpendulo kaxakeka kwimpilo yoluntu. Ulawulo lwendle ekhuselekileyo yenye yemiqobo ephambili yokuthintela izifo ezinxulumene nelindle nomlomo. Ngokwembono yempilo yoluntu, akukho nto ingako onokukhetha kuyo phakathi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokucoca ulwelo ezingxamisekileyo ezikhoyo, lo gama nje iteknoloji esetyenzisiweyo isetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo, igcinwa kakuhle kwaye imiba yococeko lomntu ijongwa ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi kwiindawo ezixineneyo zabantu basezidolophini, apho ukungabikho kwendawo, ukufikelela okungalunganga kunye neemeko ezixineneyo zithintela uluhlu lweendlela zokulahla indle ezinokusetyenziswa. Ukusetyenziswa kweengxowa zendle kubonelela ngendlela ekhawulezayo nesebenzayo yokugcina indle kunye nomchamo kwizigaba zokuqala zengxamiseko.
Ukulahla indle – Iingcamango eziphambili
Ngoko nangoko – Impendulo yeSigaba soku - 1
- Nciphisa iindlela ezinobungozi obukhulu (umz. ukuthulula ngaphandle kwemvume, izindlu zangasese ezibhabhayo, njl.njl.)
- Ukunciphisa ukusasazeka kwesifo sendle-mouth kwiindawo ezixineneyo kakhulu
Uzinzo- Impendulo yeSigaba sesi -2
- Phucula uyilo lobuchwephesha ukuze kwandiswe intuthuzelo yomsebenzisi, isidima kunye nokhuseleko lomzimba
- Phuhlisa iinkqubo zokulahla inkunkuma ezizinzileyo ezinokulawulwa luluntu
Ulawulo oluKhuselekileyo lweLindle
Ukugqiba ukuba loluphi ukhetho lwetekhnoloji oluza kusetyenziswa ekuthinteleni indle kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo akulula kwiiarhente. Intlekele nganye, uluntu ngalunye oluchaphazelekileyo, indawo nganye idla ngokwahlukileyo kwaye kufuneka iqwalaselwe ngokwemeko nganye. Nangona kunjalo, injongo ephambili yalo naluphi na ungenelelo lwempilo yoluntu kukuthintela ukusasazeka kwezifo zomlomo ezibangelwa kukunganeli/ukungakhuseleki kwindlela yokuhambisa indle. Ungenelelo lococeko aludingi nje kuphela ubuchwepheshe obulungileyo, kodwa lufuna utyalo-mali olukhulu ngokwexesha kunye nezixhobo. Ukukhuthaza impilo yoluntu ngempumelelo kunye nokubandakanyeka koluntu zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwimpendulo yococeko ekufuneka yenziwe kunye nongenelelo lobugcisa.
Ukusetyenziswa Kwebhegi Eyaziwayo - Iimeko Ezingxamisekileyo Zexesha Elidlulileyo
Ulwazi oluvela kwiimpendulo zexesha likaxakeka zangaphambili lubonisa iimeko ezahlukeneyo apho iingxowa zeentlobo ngeentlobo zazisetyenziswa njengendlela “yokulungisa indle”:
- IiPhilippines, 2009 - Impendulo yeNkanyamba
- IHaiti, 2008 – Ukusabela kwiNkanyamba
- I-Indonesia, 2004 - Impendulo yeTsunami
- IBangladesh, ngo-1998 - Impendulo yesikhukula saseDhaka
Abantu abachaphazelekileyo baqhubeka nokuzikhulula ngaphambi kwexesha likaxakeka (oko kukuthi, ukuzikhulula ngeengxowa) okanye baqale ukusebenzisa iingxowa njengendlela yokumelana nongxamiseko. Oku kwakusoloko kungenxa yokonakala kwenkqubo yabo yangaphambili okanye ukungakwazi ukufikelela kwezinye iindlela zangasese.
Uzinzo alusoloko luyinto ephambili kwangethuba kwimeko yongxamiseko; nangona kunjalo, imfuneko yokwenza ngokukhawuleza nangokucokisekileyo ibalulekile ekuthinteleni ukuqhambuka kwezifo ezinokubakho. Iimpendulo zococeko kufuneka zisekelwe kuvavanyo lweemfuno oluneenkcukacha oluchonga iingxaki eziphambili zococeko, kunye neemfuno ezivela kwezi ngxaki. Izinto ezininzi kufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kucwangciswa ukungenelela. Amanqaku e-TB e-Oxfam 1, 2 kunye no-7 anika iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe ngezinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kucwangciswa impendulo:
http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/learning/humanitarian/index.html
Indlela yePoo Bag
Kwiimeko zongxamiseko zasemaphandleni, umhlaba uhlala ufumaneka ukuze kusetyenziswe iindlela zesintu zokucoca ezifana nezindlu zangasese ezilula. Nangona kunjalo, amadoda, abafazi kunye nabantwana abahlala kwiindawo zongxamiseko zasezidolophini badla ngokunyanzelwa ukuba basebenzise iindlela zokulahla indle ezingakhuselekanga ngenxa yokungabikho kwendawo, ukufikelela okuncinci, iimeko ezixineneyo, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi. Ngenxa yoko, bashiywa besesichengeni ngakumbi, kungekuphela nje kuqhambuko lwezifo, kodwa nakwiingozi zomzimba kunye nogonyamelo olusekelwe kwisini.
Ngexesha nasemva kwengxakeko, abantu baya kuzama ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisa iindlela zabo zemveli zokulahla indle naphi na apho kunokwenzeka khona. Xa oku kungenzeki, abantu baya kwamkela "iindlela ezintsha zokumelana nemeko", baze bazivumelanise nemeko entsha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kuya kubangela iindlela zokulahla indle ezinganeleyo nezikhuselekileyo. Xa kuvavanywa uhlobo longenelelo lococeko olufunekayo, iindlela zabantu zangaphambili kunye nemeko yabo yangoku kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Amathuba kunye nemida yokusebenza kwimeko entsha kufuneka ihlolwe.
Iingxowa zendle aziboneleli nje kuphela ngendlela eguquguqukayo yokugcina indle, kodwa zikwabonelela ngesisombululo esikhawulezileyo kwiingxaki zokuchitha indle evulekileyo. Ingakumbi xa ezinye iindlela zemveli zokulahla indle engxamisekileyo zingenakwenzeka/zingasebenzi.
Iimeko zeNdlela yeNgxowa yePoo
- 1st Ukusabela ngezigaba ngaphambi kokuba kwakhiwe izindlu zangasese ezingxamisekileyo okanye ezihlala ixesha elide
- Apho izindlu zangasese/izindlu zangasese zingenakwakhiwa khona
- Iindawo zokuhlala zasezidolophini okanye iinkampu ezine
- Iindawo zokuhlala zasezidolophini okanye iinkampu ezine
- Uxinano oluphezulu lwabantu
- Indawo evulekileyo encinci
- Ukungakwazi ukumba
- Isantya sokungena komhlaba siphantsi/itafile yamanzi aphezulu
- Imiba yobunini bomhlaba
- Iingxaki zokungakhuseleki (umz. ebusuku, abafazi)
- Akufikeleleki kwiinkonzo zokukhupha ithoyilethi
- Ukuvala izikhewu ekufikeleleni kwindlu yangasese ngokubonisana nabantu abathile (umz. abafazi, abantwana, abantu abadala, abantu abangakwaziyo ukuhambahamba)
Izinto eziqwalaselwayo kwintlalo-nkcubeko
Iinkqubo ezisebenzayo zokulahla inkunkuma zidla ngokuxhomekeka kakhulu kwiimbono zabasebenzisi kunokuba zixhomekeke kwiteknoloji ngokwayo. Kukho iimeko ezininzi apho abasebenzisi baye bazala izisombululo zobugcisa ezifanelekileyo ngenxa yezizathu zentlalo, zenkcubeko okanye zonqulo. Iiteknoloji zokulahla inkunkuma zisebenza ngcono xa ziqondwa ngokupheleleyo, zilawulwa, kwaye zixhaswa luluntu ekujoliswe kulo.
Ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe naluphi na ungenelelo lococeko, kubalulekile ukwakha ubudlelwane obuhle nabasebenzisi ekujoliswe kubo, nto leyo enokufuna abaguquleli abanobuchule kunye/okanye abasebenzi basekuhlaleni. Uluntu oluchaphazelekayo kufuneka ludibane noluntu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba abafazi, amadoda kunye nabantwana balawula njani ukuthuthwa kwendle. Kuya kufuneka kwakhona kudibane nabantu abadala kunye nabo bangakwaziyo ukuhamba. Iingxoxo kufuneka zijongwe ngokujonga imeko kunye nezenzo zokwenyani (umz. imisele esetyenzisiweyo, iindlela ezihanjiweyo ukuya entsimini, njl.njl.). Iimeko ezahlukeneyo zamadoda, abafazi, abantwana, abantu abadala, kunye nabantu abakhubazekileyo kufuneka zihlalutywe, njengoko oku kunokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwiziphumo ekugqibeleni.
Ukuze iingxowa zendle zisebenze ngempumelelo, abasebenzisi kufuneka baqonde ukuba kutheni kubalulekile ukugcina okusingqongileyo kungenazo iindle kunye nendlela ezi ngxowa zingasetyenziswa ngayo njengesixhobo sokugcina indle. Kubalulekile ukungagxili kwingxowa, kodwa kugxininiswe kwiingenelo zenkqubo yokulawula indle esebenzayo, apho ingxowa idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni nasekugcineni indle yabantu. Ukukhuthaza impilo yoluntu ngempumelelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni iindlela ezikhoyo kunye nokuphakamisa ulwazi ngemfuneko yokulawula indle ngokukhuselekileyo. Abantu abakwiindawo ekujoliswe kuzo banokusetyenziswa ukukhuthaza ucoceko kwiindawo zabo zokuhlala/iinkampu, kunye nokunceda ekunikezeleni imiyalezo kunye nokudibanisa ulawulo lwendle nemiyalezo ebanzi yezempilo.
Lilonke, ii-arhente kufuneka zibe nombono ofanelekileyo kumaqela azo ekujoliswe kuwo, malunga nokuba kuya kwenzeka na kwaye nini ukubonelela ngezixhobo ezisekelwe kwiingxowa. Inkqubo yokulahla nokutshintsha iingxowa nayo kufuneka ichazwe ngokucacileyo kwaye yamkeleke kuye wonke umntu.
Iinkqubo zePoo Bag
Nayiphi na inkqubo yokulahla inkunkuma yengxowa yendle kufuneka iqwalasele zonke ezi zinto zilandelayo:
- Ukukhuthaza ucoceko
- Indawo yomsebenzisi
- Ukusasazwa kweengxowa zendle
- Iidipozithi kunye nokugcinwa kweengxowa zendle
- Ukuqokelelwa kunye nokuthuthwa kweengxowa zendle
- Unyango lwengxowa yendle kunye/okanye ukulahla
1. Ukukhuthazwa kococeko
Ukuze nayiphi na inkqubo yococeko ibe nefuthe elihle kwimpilo nakwimpilo-ntle yamaqela ekujoliswe kuwo, le nkqubo kufuneka ibonakaliswe isebenza ngokuchanekileyo kwaye igcinwe kakuhle. Ukukhuthaza ucoceko yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yendlela yokukhupha indle. I-HP iya kuqinisekisa ukuba iingxowa zisetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo; ukuba ziyaqokelelwa, zisuswe kwindawo, kwaye ekugqibeleni, zilahlwe ngokukhuselekileyo. Izixhobo ze-IEC kufuneka zenzelwe ngokukodwa uhlobo lweengxowa, kunye nenkqubo yokuqokelela ebekwe endaweni.
Imiyalezo eqhubekayo yokukhuthaza ucoceko kufuneka iquke imfundo ngokubaluleka kokwahlulwa kwenkunkuma efakwe kwiingxowa kwinkunkuma yasekhaya; ukubonelela ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zomchamo kunye nenkunkuma; ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma yabantwana; kunye nolawulo lwe-vectors ngokuqinisekisa ukuba "iidrama zengxowa" zivaliwe ngokuchanekileyo. Ukongeza, kufuneka kunikezelwe izixhobo zokuhlamba izandla ezifanelekileyo, ezinesepha. Ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga neendlela zokukhuthaza ucoceko lunokufumaneka kwi-Oxfam TBN ##:
http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/learning/humanitarian/index.html
Ukubeka iliso kunye nokuvavanya
Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba iingxowa zihlala zilahlwa kwisikhongozeli/kwindawo efanelekileyo kunye nokuqinisekisa indlela abasebenzisi abazibona ngayo ezi nkqubo. Iifom zesampulu zenzelwe indlela yokuphatha iingxowa zendle eHaiti kwaye ziyahambelana nezinye iindawo.
2. Ujongano lomsebenzisi
Iinkqubo zokulahla indle yengxowa yendle zenzelwe ukuba zibize kancinci kwaye zisetyenziswe ngokukhawuleza, kwaye zingasebenzisi abasebenzi okanye izixhobo ezininzi. Gcina ubuchwepheshe bulula kangangoko. Kwiinkqubo "zasekhaya" kuphela (oko kukuthi, ukubonelela ngenqanaba lasekhaya), izinto ezincinci yingxowa yokugcina indle kwaye ekugqibeleni ibe yisikhongozeli sokwenza kube lula ukusetyenziswa kwengxowa.
Iintlobo zeengxowa ezikhoyo
Kukho uluhlu olubanzi lweengxowa ezifumanekayo kwimarike, kwaye uhlobo ngalunye luneengenelo kunye neengxaki ezithile. Ukonakala kweengxowa kuya kuxhomekeka ekukhanyeni kwe-UV, ukufuma, kunye nokufumaneka kweoksijini. Kwihlabathi liphela, isigama sokonakala kweengxowa asikamiselwanga ngokupheleleyo. Itheyibhile 1 (ngezantsi), igxininisa iiparameter eziphambili ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kuyilwa inkqubo yokulahla indle yengxowa yendle.
| Polyethylene | I-Oxodegradable | I-biodegradable | I-Peepoo | |
| ixabiso | $ | $$ | $$-$$$ | $$$ (?) |
| ubungakanani | Kuya | Kuya | Kuya | "ncinci" |
| Ukuthenga | lula | Phakathi | Phakathi | Ayiveliswanga ngobuninzi |
| Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo | Ukungcolisa/ ukungangcolisi | Ukhuseleko luyawohloka, kodwa luyaguquguquka | Iyancipha, akukho mpembelelo | Ayithobi impembelelo |
| Ukucekeceka | nanye | I-Aerobic okanye i-anaerobic eqhekekayo (indawo yokulahla inkunkuma) | Ukonakala ngokupheleleyo, kungakhawuleza. Kusenokufuna ukugqunywa komgquba | Ukuwohloka okukhawulezileyo nokupheleleyo |
| Impembelelo yezempilo | nanye | nanye | nanye | Ukuqhekeka kwe-pathogen |
Ukukhetha uhlobo lwengxowa kuya kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezininzi kuquka “oko kufumanekayo apha ekuhlaleni” kunye nexabiso ngeyunithi nganye. Iingxowa zeplastiki eziqhelekileyo “ezingonakalisiyo” zingasetyenziswa xa kungekho ezinye iindlela, ingakumbi ekuqaleni. Njengoko impendulo iqhubeka, ezinye iindlela “ezizinzileyo” zinokuphuhliswa ngokusebenzisa iingxowa ezinokubola, njl. Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezininzi, kuquka: ukhetho lomsebenzisi, impembelelo kwiimarike zasekuhlaleni, ukufumaneka kunye nexabiso ngeyunithi nganye, njl. kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lwengxowa esetyenzisiweyo, iingxowa ezimnyama ziyacetyiswa “ukufihla” umxholo, kunye nokunciphisa amathuba okuba neentloni/ukukruquka phakathi kwabasebenzisi.
Qaphela: Kukho ii-coagulants ezahlukeneyo zomgubo kunye nejeli ezifumanekayo ukuze ziqinise indle ngokufunxa umswakama. Ukuphatha kunye nokulahla kulula. Nangona kunjalo, iimveliso zibiza kakhulu kwaye azikhuthazwa kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo ezinkulu.
Izikhongozeli (izixhasi zeengxowa)
Apho kunokwenzeka khona, kufuneka kusetyenziswe isitya ukuxhasa ibhegi ukuze kube lula ukuyisebenzisa. Izitya ezifumanekayo apha ekhaya, ezifana nezo ziphinda zisetyenziswe kwiphakheji yokutya okanye yeziselo, zingasetyenziswa. Qinisekisa ukuba isitya sicocekile kwaye asiguquki (oko kukuthi, asiyi kubangela ukuba iingxowa zikrazuke). Izitya mazilinganiswe ngokuchanekileyo ngokobungakanani bebhegi esetyenziswayo (oko kukuthi, iingxowa ezolulayo ziya kubangela ukuba zikrazuke).
Imichamo
Apho kunokwenzeka khona, kucetyiswa ukuba kubekho imichamo yamadoda nabafazi njengendlela esebenzayo yokunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza zizonke. Ukubonelela ngemichamo kuya kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweengxowa zizonke, kwaye ekugqibeleni kube lula ukuphatha umxholo weengxowa, njengoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba azimanzi kangako. Kukho uluhlu lwemichamo olufumanekayo kusetyenziswa izinto ezilula zokufaka imibhobho okanye ngokusebenzisa izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwemichamo kuya kunciphisa nexesha lokulinda kwiikhabhini (ingakumbi kubasetyhini).
Xa kwakhiwa iindawo zokuntywila emanzini, enye indlela yokuphucula ekufuneka uyiqwalasele kukusebenzisa izindlu zangasese ezisebenzisa i-urine diversion (UD). Oku kufanelekile ngakumbi kwiindawo zokuhlala/iinkampu ezincinci apho i-PHP inokwenzeka khona.
Iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga noyilo lomchamo zingafumaneka kwiimpepha ze-Oxfam GB:
LINK: Isakhiwa
Izibonelelo zoLuntu kunye neeCommode
Apho kunokwenzeka, kufuneka kubekho izibonelelo zoluntu zokusetyenziswa kweengxowa. Ubuncinane, inkqubo "yasekhaya" (iingxowa + isitya esisisiseko) inokubonelelwa ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esisisiseko kwindawo yoluntu. Isakhiwo esinjalo sinika ubumfihlo kunye nentuthuzelo kubasebenzisi, kwaye kulula ukusilawula ngabasebenzi bezindlu zangasese zoluntu. Iindlela eziphuculweyo zingabandakanya inkqubo elula yempahla.
3. Ukusasazwa kwengxowa yendle
Ukuze ufumane iingxowa “zasekhaya”, cela uncedo lweenkokheli zoluntu kunye namavolontiya avela kuluntu ekujoliswe kulo. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwiindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu/iinkampu apho amaqela enkqubo asenokungakwazi ukufikelela kuluntu lonke. Xa kunikezelwa iingxowa ezinokubola okanye zePeepoo, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba zigubungela kwaye zisetyenziswa nge-100% phakathi kwamaqela ekujoliswe kuwo, ukuba kuza kufumaneka izibonelelo ezipheleleyo zokusingqongileyo/zempilo. Kwimeko yePeepoo, akukho zibonelelo ziya kufunyanwa kwi-“pathogen die off” ukuba zigubungela yonke indawo. Iingxowa zokusetyenziswa “zasekhaya” kufuneka zibonelelwe ngomlinganiselo wengxowa e- 1/umntu/ngosuku.
Apho ukusasazwa kweengxowa “ekhaya” kungenzeki khona (oko kukuthi, iingxowa ezinobungozi obukhulu aziyi kuqokelelwa kwaye zilahlwe ngokufanelekileyo), iingxowa kufuneka zibonelelwe ngqo kwiindawo zoluntu. Ukusetyenziswa kweengxowa “zoluntu” kufuneka kubonelelwe ngokusekelwe kumlinganiselo wengxowa e- 1/umntu/ngosuku . Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kwenziwe amalungiselelo ongezelelweyo xa kucingelwa ukuba kukho ipesenti ethile yabantu abanesifo sorhudo. Iingxowa ezongezelelweyo zinokubonelelwa ngomlinganiselo weengxowa ezi- 3/umntu/ngosuku kule pesenti.
Ukuba indlela yokusebenzisa ingxowa yendle iza kusetyenziswa ixesha elide, uluntu kufuneka lunikwe amandla okuthatha umsebenzi wokuzibonelela ngokwalo kwimithombo yorhwebo. Ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweengxowa zendle, abantu kufuneka baziswe ngokubaluleka kunye nexabiso lokulahla indle ngokukhuselekileyo kuluntu lwabo. EHaiti, abaxhamli bafunyenwe besebenzisa iingxowa zokuthengisa amalahle kunye nemifuno.
4. Iidiphozithi kunye nokugcinwa kweengxowa zendle
Ukuqinisekisa ulawulo olukhuselekileyo lwendle, iingxowa zendle ziya kufuna inkqubo yokuqokelela nokugcina. Ukusetyenziswa "kwesikhongozeli sediphozithi" esimiselweyo kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba iingxowa ziqokelelwa kwiindawo ezithile, kwaye zigcinwe ngaphambi kokuba zisuswe ngaphandle kwendawo. Iindawo ezifanelekileyo zokugcina zibalulekile ukuthintela isiganeko "sendlu yangasese ebhabhayo", esiqhele ukwenzeka kuba akukho nkqubo yokufaka imali. Ukufumaneka kwezikhongozeli zokugcina izinto kunokwahluka kwimeko emva kongxamiseko. Nangona kunjalo, ubuncinane, izikhongozeli zediphozithi kufuneka zibe nezivalo eziqinileyo zokulawula ivumba kunye neevektha, kwaye zinokuphuculwa njengoko imeko yongxamiseko izinza. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, isikhongozeli kufuneka sibe nesiphatho kwisivalo, ukunciphisa ukudibana nesikhongozeli. Isivalo kufuneka siqine ukuthintela iintsholongwane kunye nezinye iivektha ukuba zingangeni. Kwakhona, xa isikhongozeli siwela, isivalo siya kuthintela umxholo ukuba ungachitheki.
Kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo zezikhukula apho kungenakufikeleleka khona abantu, kusenokungabi lula ukuseka inkqubo yokugcina nokugcina. Kufuneka uphando olongezelelekileyo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufaka iingxowa kwiindawo ezinjalo. Enye indlela kukuzingcwaba apho, ukubonelela ngeendawo ezifanelekileyo zokungcwaba iingxowa kumgama ofanelekileyo ukusuka kwiindawo zokuhlala zabantu (ivumba) nakwimithombo yamanzi (> 30 m). Nangona kunjalo, oku kucetyiswa kuphela kwiingxowa ezinokubola kwaye akufanelekanga kwiindawo ezisengozini yezikhukula okanye kumhlaba onamanzi amaninzi.
5. Ukuqokelelwa kweengxowa zendle kunye nokuThuthwa
Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuthutha izikhongozeli zokugcina izinto ngokukhuselekileyo nangendlela efanelekileyo. Ukukhetha ukhetho kuya kuxhomekeka kubungakanani kunye nobunzima bezikhongozeli eziza kuthuthwa; ukufikelela kwindawo yokuqokelelwa; umgama ukuya kwindawo yokugqibela yokulahla; kunye neendleko zokusebenza kwenkonzo yokuqokelelwa kwezinto. Iindlela ziquka ii-wheelbarrows, iinqwelo eziphathwa ngesandla, iibhayisekile ezineetreyila, amahashe neenqwelo, iilori zokuthutha, kunye nezikhongozeli ezithwalwa emagxeni.
Ngokuxhomekeke kumgama ofanelekileyo ukuya kwindawo yokugqibela yokulahla inkunkuma, inkqubo ebekweyo inokufuna izikhululo zokudlulisela, ukuba umxholo ovela kwiikhonteyina ezininzi ezincinci ubekwa uze uqokelelwe ngendlela enkulu yokuthutha efana nelori enkulu. Iilori zamanzi amdaka ezisebenza nge-vacuum zinokuba zizithuthi ezifanelekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwizikhululo zokudlulisela inkunkuma.
Kwiimeko zezikhukula, kusenokufuneka kusetyenziswe iinqanawa okanye ezinye iindlela zokuhamba emanzini ukuqokelela izikhongozeli zeengxowa zendle. Intsimbi okanye umlozi zingasetyenziswa ukulumkisa uluntu ukuba isikhephe sisondela kwaye izikhongozeli mazibekwe ngaphandle ukuze zithululwe/ziqokelelwe.
6. Unyango/Ukulahla Ingxowa Yendle
Emva kokuqokelelwa nokuthuthwa, iingxowa ezizaliswe lindle kufuneka ziphathwe ngendlela yokuba nakuphi na ukungcolisa okusingqongileyo okanye ukwenzakalisa impilo yoluntu kuncitshiswe. Iindlela zokunyanga okanye zokulahla iingxowa ziya kuxhomekeka kumxholo. Imizekelo ethile ixutyushwa kwicandelo elilandelayo lesifundo setyala.
Iingxowa zeZinto eziNgxamisekileyo
Kwiindawo zasezidolophini ezisengozini yeentlekele, kukho ithuba lokuyila nokugcina iinkqubo zokucoca iingxowa zendle ezifanelekileyo, ezinokusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye zikhuliswe njengoko kufuneka xa kukho imeko engxamisekileyo. Ngokucwangcisa kwangaphambili, kunokwenzeka ukuchonga ukuze kuphakanyiswe ulwazi phakathi kwabasebenzisi abanokubakho kwixesha elizayo malunga neendlela, kunye nokugcina izixhobo ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, ezinokuthi zingafumaneki rhoqo kwindawo. Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweengxowa ezigciniweyo, kunokufuneka ukuba kusetyenzwe ngohlobo oluthile lokujikeleza izabelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ixesha lokugcinwa kweengxowa alidluli.
Kuya kufuneka neekhonteyina ezahlukeneyo zokuxhasa iingxowa kunye needipozithi, kodwa kusenokubiza kakhulu ukugcina ezi zinto ngenxa yobuninzi bazo. Kwimeko enjalo, iidrama/izikhongozeli ezifumanekayo zorhwebo zinokuchongwa kwindawo, kwaye kumiselwe izivumelwano zangaphambi kwexesha kunye nabathengisi bendawo ukuze kuhanjiswe ubungakanani obuthile beedrama/izikhongozeli ngokukhawuleza kwimeko yengxakeko ekhawulezileyo.
Iikiti zeengxowa zendle zinokuyilwa ukuze zisasazwe ngokukhawuleza. Ubuncinane, ikiti kufuneka ibe nesikhongozeli esifanelekileyo sokuxhasa ibhegi, kwaye iqulathe izixhobo ze-IEC ezifanelekileyo kunye nemiyalelo yokuqhina, ukulahla, kunye nesicwangciso sokuqokelela esiza kufakwa. Okona kulungileyo, iikiti mazingene kwisikhongozeli kwaye zifakwe isiciko.
Ukusetyenziswa kweNdlela yePoo Bag - Izifundo zeTyala
Impendulo yeSigaba soku - 1
Iingxowa zinokuthunyelwa ngokukhawuleza kuluntu oluchaphazelekayo kwaye zifuna imfundo encinci. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphambi kokuba kuhanjiswe nayiphi na ingxowa, kufuneka kubekwe inkqubo efanelekileyo yokuqokelela, yokugcina kunye nokulahla iingxowa kwaye igcinwe kakuhle ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ilungiselelo lasekhaya kuphela
Iingxowa, izikhongozeli, kunye nezixhobo ze-IEC zinokusasazwa ngoko nangoko ukuze abaxhamli baqalise ukusebenzisa iingxowa emakhayeni abo okanye kwindawo abaziva bekhuselekile kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kubekho izikhongozeli ezifanelekileyo okanye iindawo zokungcwaba ezimiselweyo zokufaka iingxowa ezisetyenzisiweyo. Ukwamkelwa kwenkqubo ngabasebenzisi nako kubalulekile. Ngokwembono yezempilo yoluntu, umchamo awunanto ingako inxulumene nayo, kwaye akufuneki ukusebenzisa iingxowa kumchamo kuphela. Abasebenzisi banokukhuthazwa ukuba basebenzise imichamo ethile.
Ulungiselelo lweengxowa “zasekhaya” ePort-au-Prince
ICamp Maranatha, indawo yokuhlala yabantu abangathathi ntweni ezimeleyo ecaleni kwentaba. Kwakucingelwa ukuba i-Oxfam GB ayinakukwazi ukubonelela ngezindlu zangasese zemveli, njengoko indlela ekufutshane imalunga nokuhamba imizuzu eli-15 kwindawo engazinzile. Kwakukho nengxabano yomhlaba. Abantu babezikhupha indle kwindawo evulekileyo ejikeleze inkampu, okanye kwiingxowa zeplastiki ezaziphoswa kwintlambo ekufutshane.
Umzobo 11: Inkampu yaseMaranatha, ijikelezwe ngumlambo ofumana izikhukula ezikhawulezileyo ngexesha leemvula zasehlotyeni
Ukugcinwa kweengxowa kunye/okanye ukungcwaba kwindawo
Ukugcinwa ixesha elide kunokunciphisa iindleko zokuqokelela kunye nezokuthutha. Umzekelo, ukuba iiPeepoo zisetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo (oko kukuthi, akukho nkunkuma ngaphandle kwengxowa kwaye akukho kuvuza) zingagcinwa iiveki ezi-4 emva koko zilahlwe nje. Nangona kunjalo, ubude bexesha phakathi kokuqokelelwa okanye ukungcwatywa kufuneka bamkelwe ngabantu.
Ukungcwaba kwindawo ethile kusenokuba lolona khetho lukhawulezayo nolunokwenzeka olufumanekayo de kube kulungiselelwe ukuthuthwa ngaphandle kwendawo ethile. Ukuba kusetyenziswa iingxowa ezinokubola, kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ukuba umngxuma uhlala ungaphazanyiswa ubuncinane iinyanga ezili-12 ukuvumela iintsholongwane ukuba zonakale. Kufuneka kuthathwe ingqalelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba akangcoliswanga ngenxa yokuphuma komngxuma wokungcwaba.
Ulungiselelo lwengxowa “ekhaya” (luyaqhubeka)
Iibhakethi zasasazwa kwikhaya ngalinye kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ngeveki zeengxowa ezinokubola. Umngxuma omncinci omnye wembiwa ezantsi kwenduli (umhlaba kawonke-wonke) kwaye uluntu lwayalelwa ukuba lufake iingxowa ezisetyenzisiweyo apho. Abaququzeleli boluntu baphakamise ulwazi malunga nokugubungela umngxuma imihla ngemihla ngomhlaba kunye/okanye uthuthu.
Emva kweeveki ezimbini, kwafikelelwa kwisivumelwano nomnini-mhlaba sokwakha izindlu zangasese zomngxuma enkampini. Ukusetyenziswa kweengxowa ekhaya kwaqhubeka ixesha elingaphezu kwenyanga ukuvala isithuba de kwagqitywa izindlu zangasese zomngxuma.
Ukulahla iingxowa ngaphandle kwendawo
Xa kusetyenziswa iingxowa ezinokubola kwaye ukungcwaba kwindawo akunakwenzeka okanye kungamkelekanga, iidrama ezifakwayo zingathuthwa zisiwe kwiindawo zokulahla okanye zisiwe kwiindawo zokufaka umgquba (jonga ngezantsi). Xa kusetyenziswa iingxowa zeplastiki eziqhelekileyo, ukulahla ngaphandle kwendawo ngokuzalisa okanye ngokutshisa yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokususa indle kwindawo yokuhlala ekufutshane (jonga kwi-Oxfam GB TBN no. 15).
http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/learning/humanitarian/index.html
Xa iingxowa ezizaliswe yinkunkuma ezizaliswe yinkunkuma zilahlwa kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma okanye kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma, kufuneka kulungiselelwe iindawo ezikhethekileyo zeengxowa, ingakumbi ukuba kukho abantu abahlala kufutshane okanye ukuba kukho umkhwa wokukhupha inkunkuma kwindawo leyo. Le ndawo kufuneka ivalwe ngemivalo.
Iindlela zokuphucula
Izibonelelo kwinqanaba loluntu
Xa kukho indawo ekhoyo, izakhiwo ezingaphezulu zinokwakhiwa ukuze zinike ubumfihlo obongezelelekileyo kunye nentuthuzelo kubasebenzisi, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu kubasetyhini. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezindlu zangasese zingasetyenziswa ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esingaphezulu, kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezikhethwa ngabasebenzisi.
Kubasebenzisi abaqhele ukuhlala phantsi, ibhakethi elula yokubamba ibhegi, eneendawo zokubeka iinyawo, ingafanelekile. Kubasebenzisi abaqhele ukuhlala phantsi okanye kubantu abakhubazekileyo ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nabantu abadala, izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nezitulo/izinto zokuhlamba zinokwenziwa, zitshintshwe, okanye zithengwe zenziwe kwangaphambili. Iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga nokulungelelanisa izibonelelo zabantu abakhubazekileyo zingafumaneka kwi:
"Amanzi kunye nococeko lwabantu abakhubazekileyo kunye namanye amaqela asengozini: Ukuyila iinkonzo zokuphucula ukufikeleleka".
Ukuba indawo iyavuma, imichamo elula yamadoda nabafazi ingafakelwa ukunciphisa inani leengxowa ezisetyenzisiweyo nokunciphisa amaxesha okulinda kwiikhabhini.
Ubonelelo lweengxowa ezikumgangatho woluntu
IPort-au-Prince, eHaiti
Kwinkampu yaseCite aux Cayes, kwaqaliswa ukunikezelwa kweengxowa “zasekhaya” emva kweentsuku ezimbini emva kovavanyo. Ngeli xesha, kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezingaphezulu kwezinto zokuthengisa kunye neendawo zokuchama, ukwakhiwa kwazo kwakuthatha malunga neveki enye. Emva koko, abemi benkampu banikwa ukhetho lokusebenzisa iingxowa “zasekhaya” okanye ukusebenzisa iikhabhini ezisetyenziswa ngabantu bonke.
I-Cité aux Cayes yayingafikeleleki ngendlela. I-kiriva yayisetyenziselwa ukuthutha iidrama zenkunkuma kunye nenkunkuma ukuya kwindlela ekufutshane ukuze zithathwe.
Idatha emva kovavanyo eqokelelwe kwimibuzo yamakhaya ifumanise ukuba ama-94% abasebenzisi beekhabhini “banelisekile kakhulu” okanye “banelisekile” zizindlu zangasese zoluntu. Ukongeza, ama-65% eentsapho eziphawulwe ngeengxowa “zasekhaya” zisetyenziswe lilungu elinye okanye ngaphezulu losapho.
Iingxowa Zokwenza Umgquba
Ukuvundisa kukubola kwezinto eziphilayo ngokwebhayoloji phantsi kweemeko ze-aerobic (xa kukho ioksijini). Ngolawulo olufanelekileyo, ubushushu bebhayoloji buyaveliswa kwaye ukuvundisa kwenzeka kulandelwa lixesha lokuzinza ukuvelisa imveliso yokugqibela efanelekileyo ukusetyenziswa emhlabeni ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi kwindalo okanye kwimpilo.
Kwimeko yongxamiseko okanye emva kongxamiseko, ukugquma indle (indle edibeneyo kunye nomchamo okanye umthombo owahlulwe) kufuneka kuqwalaselwe kuphela ukuba kukho ulwazi olwaneleyo lobuchwephesha, indawo kunye nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo ukunciphisa iingozi ezinokubakho kwimpilo nokhuseleko. Kwinqanaba lokuqala longxamiseko, ukusekwa kwenkqubo entsha yokugquma akunakwenzeka ukuba kufanelekile, kwaye kufuneka kugxininiswe ekususweni kweengxowa kwiindawo ezixineneyo.
Ukuba isigqibo sokuphuhlisa umgquba sithathwa nini na, kubalulekile ukubandakanya uluntu kwasekuqaleni, ingakumbi xa ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwenkunkuma kungavumelekanga. Umgquba ungasetyenziselwa ukunyanga inkunkuma eluhlaza kwaye uwenze ukhuseleke, ukuba oku kwenziwa ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo. Iinkqubo zomgquba zixoxwa nzulu ngakumbi kwi-Oxfam GB TBN 16.
http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/learning/humanitarian/index.html
Ukwenza umgquba kwiNgxamiseko yeSigaba soku -1 ePort-au-Prince, eHaiti
Kwiinyanga ezimbini emva kwenyikima, iNew Directions Foundation yaseka iprojekthi yovavanyo lokwenza umgquba. Le nkqubo yasebenzisa ukugonyelwa kwefungus kwiinqwaba ze-compost ezincinci kumaqonga eekhreyithi zomthi.
Inkcukacha ezithe vetshe
UFerron, S. Morgan, J. kunye no-O'Reilly, M. (2007)
Ukukhuthazwa koCoceko: isikhokelo esisebenzayo sokunceda abantu baphuhliseke. – Practical Action, Rugby, UK.
UHarvey, P. Baghri, S. kunye noReed, R. (2002)
Ucoceko oluNgxamisekileyo – Uvavanyo kunye noyilo lwenkqubo. – WEDC Loughborough University UK
http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/knowledge/bookshop_results.html?s=ful
UHarvey, P. (2007)
Ukulahla Indle Kwiimeko Ezingxamisekileyo – incwadi yesikhokelo. – IYunivesithi yase-WEDC Loughborough, e-UK
http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/knowledge/bookshop_results.html?s=ful
UJones, H. kunye noReed, R. (2005)
. – IYunivesithi yaseWEDC eLoughborough, e-UK
http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/knowledge/bookshop_results.html?s=full
UPatel, D., uBrooks, N. kunye noBastable, A. (2010)
Iindlela zokujongana nococeko olungxamisekileyo lwasezidolophini: uvavanyo lwe-bag kunye ne-Peepoo kunye nabantu abafudukele kwamanye amazwe kwiindawo zokuhlala ezizenzekelayo ePort-au-Prince, eHaiti.
I-Oxfam GB TBN inombolo 1
Ukulahla indle yabantu abakhubazekileyo emzimbeni kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo
I-Oxfam GB TBN inombolo 2
Iingqwalasela zobungozi kunye nezentlalo-nkcubeko kwi-PHE kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo
I-Oxfam GB TBN inombolo 7
Iindlu zangasese ze-UD kunye neendlu zangasese zokufaka umgquba kwiimeko zikaxakeka
I-Oxfam GB TBN inombolo 15
Ukuqokelelwa nokuLahlwa kweNkunkuma yaseKhaya neyeeNkampu zabaPhepheli
I-Oxfam GB TBN inombolo 16
Ukuqunjelwa kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nokurisayikilisha
Inombolo ye-Oxfam GB TBN XX
Ukukhuthazwa koCoceko