Ukuthutha Amanzi Kwiimeko Ezingxamisekileyo Zembalela

intshayelelo

Ukuhamba ngeenqwelo zamanzi ezingxamisekileyo (EWT) ngokuqhelekileyo lungenelelo olusindisa ubomi lwexesha elifutshane olusetyenziselwa ukugubungela ukuphazamiseka kwenkonzo yamanzi okanye ukufikelela kumanzi aneleyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokusinda. 

Nangona idlala indima efanelekileyo ekuphenduleni xa isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo, kwiMihlaba eyomileyo neyomileyo (ii-ASAL) zasempuma Afrika, ukuthuthwa ngamanzi ngequbuliso kudla ngokudlala indima eyahlukileyo kakhulu, njengendlela yokujongana nobomi bemihla ngemihla bepesenti enkulu yabemi. 

I-EWT ibe lungenelelo loncedo oluphantse lube minyaka le phakathi kwemibutho yoncedo kwi-ASALs. Ukongeza, imakethi enamandla yokuthutha amanzi ezorhwebo ikhona kwiindawo ezininzi ukunceda abemi kunye nabalusi abangenawo umthombo wamanzi osisigxina. Ukongeza ekunqongophaleni kwamanzi okubangelwa yimozulu, kukho nezinye izinto ezininzi ezibangela i-EWT:

• Iindlela ezimbi zokuhlala eziqhutywa zizilangazelelo zezopolitiko zabezopolitiko;
• Ukudalwa kweZithili ezininzi ezintsha nto leyo ebangela ukuba kusekwe amaziko olawulo amatsha, nakwiindawo ezingenamithombo yamanzi ethembekileyo;
• Izinto ezinomdla kwezorhwebo zoosomashishini;
• Ukungabikho kwamaqhinga exesha elide okutyala imali kwimithombo yamanzi ethembekileyo/eyaneleyo kwi-ASALs;
• Ukuqhekeka rhoqo kwemingxunya yamanzi;
• Isifo sokuxhomekeka kuluntu.  

Xa usebenza kwi-ASALs, kubalulekile ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwembalela kunye nokoma. Imbalela yahlukile kwezinye iintlekele zemvelo kuba ayinayo inkcazo eqhelekileyo - ikwindawo ethile kunye nempembelelo ethile. Imbalela ichazwa ngokubanzi njenge "xesha lemozulu eyomileyo ngokungaqhelekanga ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukubangela ukungalingani okukhulu kwamanzi" (NOAA). Sisiganeko sendalo sexesha elifutshane nesiphindaphindayo esiyinxalenye eqhelekileyo yemozulu, apho ukuqala kwayo kunye nesiphelo sayo kunzima ukuyiqonda.  

Ubumanzi luphawu oluhlala luhleli lwemozulu, oluchazwa “njengomlinganiselo apho imozulu ingenawo umswakama osebenzayo nokhuthaza ubomi” (Glossary of Meteorology, American Meteorological Society).  

Ngamafutshane – imbalela ibangela ukunqongophala kwamanzi okwethutyana, ngelixa ukoma kubangelwa kukunqongophala kwamanzi okungapheliyo. Uninzi olukhulu lwePhondo le-Afrika luquka ii-ASAL, kwaye ngenxa yoko luneengxaki zokunqongophala kwamanzi okungapheliyo. Ngokwesiko, abemi kwezi ndawo baye basinda kwezi meko ngokwamkela indlela yokuphila yokuhlala okanye ukuhambahamba - befuduka rhoqo nemfuyo yabo befuna amanzi namadlelo, kwaye bamkela indlela yokuphila ebisoloko ifuna ukuhamba umgama ofikelela kwiikhilomitha ezingama-20 rhoqo ukuze bafumane amanzi; ezi ziindlela zokumelana neengxaki eziye zavumela aba bantu ukuba baphile kwii-ASAL ezinqongopheleyo.  

Kufanelekile nini ukukhwela iilori zamanzi ngexesha likaxakeka?

Ukuhamba ngemoto emanzini kufanele kube yindlela yokugqibela yokubonelela ngamanzi ngexesha lembalela. Imibuzo emininzi ebalulekileyo kufuneka iqwalaselwe ngexesha lesigaba sokucwangcisa impendulo engxamisekileyo ukuze kuhlolwe indlela efanelekileyo yokuphendula:

• Abantu ekujoliswe kubo badla ngokufumana njani amanzi ngexesha lemvula? Ngaba kukho iindlela ezikhoyo zokumelana neengxaki ezinokuxhaswa/ziqiniswe?
• Ukuba i-EWT iza kugxila kwiindawo zokuhlala ezihlala abantu abafuyileyo, ngaba kukho umngcipheko wokubangela ukudliswa kakhulu kweendawo zokudlisa ngexesha lemvula (ingakumbi kwiindawo zokusasazwa kwe-EWT)?
• Ngaba i-EWT iza kubonelela ngenkxaso kuluntu oluhambayo lwexeshana ngokubonelela ngamanzi kwiindawo ezikude zokutyisa ukuze kusasazwe uxinzelelo kwizixhobo zendalo ezinqabileyo?
• Ingaba imveliso yemigodi yamanzi yanele ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamanzi zeelori zamanzi ukongeza kubasebenzisi bemihla ngemihla?

• Ngaba i-EWT iya kuba nefuthe kwiindlela zokufuduka kwabantu abafuyayo? 
• Ngaba abemi kunye noluntu olusengozini kakhulu aluyi kujoliswa ngokwaneleyo ngenxa yeengxaki zokufikelela ezindleleni? 

Umfanekiso 1 ngumthi wesigqibo obonisa indlela yokukhetha xa i-EWT iyindlela efanelekileyo yokuphendula, kwaye xa indlela eyahlukileyo ifanelekile ngakumbi.

*Umthamo ubhekisa ku: inani, imeko kunye nomthamo weelori zamanzi ezikhoyo kwimarike; isivuno kunye nokwandiswa kweendawo zamanzi eziza kusetyenziswa kwiilori zamanzi; umthamo weelori zamanzi ukufikelela kuluntu olujoliswe kulo. Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga novavanyo lomthamo wemarike, jonga i-Emergency Market Mapping & Analysis (EMMA) Toolkit kunye nengxelo yeNkqubo yeMarike yeelori zamanzi eHarshin, e-Ethiopia (jonga icandelo leeReferensi).

Ukongeza, ixesha lokungenelela okunokwenzeka kwiilori zamanzi kufuneka liqwalaselwe ngononophelo. I-Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) iphuhlise “iikhalenda zeengxaki” kumazwe amaninzi anengxaki yembalela ejikelezayo (umzekelo omhle woku “ziimephu zendlela” eziphuhliswe yi-FAO Ethiopia Agricultural Task Force, kwimimandla yase-Ethiopia echaphazeleke yimbalela); injongo yezi khalenda kukubonisa ixesha elifanelekileyo lokungenelela okunokwenzeka kwiimbalela. Yonke imisebenzi enokwenzeka kufuneka ihlalutywe ngokunxulumene nekhalenda yexesha labemi ukuze kuchongwe amaxesha afanelekileyo okuqala nokuphela kokungenelela okuqhelekileyo okungxamisekileyo okufana ne-Cash for Work, ukulungiswa/ukulungiswa kweendawo zamanzi, ukudalwa kweendawo zokuvuna amanzi, iilori zamanzi, njl.  

Iikhrayitheriya zobugcisa

Ubungakanani bamanzi

Nangona i-SPHERE icebisa iilitha ezili-15 zamanzi kumntu ngamnye ngosuku ukuze kubekho amanzi aneleyo, uninzi lwabantu abasebenzisa i-ASAL basebenzisa amanzi angaphantsi kakhulu kunala ngamaxesha "aqhelekileyo". Esi salathisi se-SPHERE asisosingqinisiso esifanelekileyo kwi-ASAL ngenxa yezizathu ezilandelayo: 

• Ngokwezinto ezisetyenziswayo, kunzima kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba iilitha ezili-15/umntu/ngosuku ziyahanjiswa kwiindawo ezinabantu abambalwa apho amanzi angaphelelanga khona;
• Iilitha ezi-5/umntu/ngosuku zithathwa njengesalathisi esibalulekileyo sokonga ubomi (i-SPHERE);
• Ngamanzi okusela nokupheka kuphela ekufuneka abe phambili ngexesha leenkqubo ze-EWT.

Kubalulekile ukuba yonke imiyalezo yokukhuthaza ucoceko yangaphambili itshintshe kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mthwalo wongezelelweyo kwimithamo yamanzi kodwa kusakhuthazwa iindlela eziphambili zococeko. Imiyalezo emitsha ebalulekileyo yococeko kufuneka iphuhliswe ngokuhambelana nokunqongophala kwamanzi ukuze kugxilwe ekuziphatheni kakuhle kococeko ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amanzi ngokugqithisileyo (umz. ukucoca izandla ngothuthu/isanti, ukufumanisa indlela uluntu oluzigcina ngayo zicocekile ngokusebenzisa amagqabi emveli/amafutha ezilwanyana aphumayo, ukusebenzisa isanti ukucoca izixhobo zokupheka, njl.njl.). Ukongeza kwimiyalezo, kubalulekile ukusebenza nabantu abasele besebenzisa iindlela ezilungileyo ukuze basebenze “njengezithunywa zotshintsho” - okubaluleke ngaphezu kwemiyalezo ngokwayo kukukhuthaza ukusebenzisa le miyalezo ngokwenene.

Izikhokelo zobungakanani bamanzi kwimisebenzi yokuthutha amanzi ziyahluka, nangona ubuncinci beelitha ezi-5/umntu/ngosuku kufuneka zihlale zilujoliso oluphantsi lokusinda kunye neemfuno ezisisiseko zococeko. Amaqela e-WASH ngaphakathi kwiPhondo le-Afrika acebisa oku kulandelayo:

Ubungakanani bamanzi anikiweyo abuyi kuxhomekeka kuphela kwisalathisi esivunyiweyo, kodwa nokukwazi ukuhambisa amanzi ngokwasemzimbeni kubantu abachaphazelekayo kuya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kubungakanani bokuhanjiswa kwamanzi kubantu ekujoliswe kubo. Ezinye izinto ezinokubangela ukuba kubekho umqobo ekuhlangabezaneni nobungakanani bamanzi ekuvunyelwene ngawo kuluntu zezi: 

• umgama ukusuka kwindawo yokuzalisa itanki ukuya kwindawo yokusasaza; 
• inani leendawo zamanzi ezifumanekayo zokusetyenziswa kuloo ndawo; 
• inani leelori zamanzi eziqeshwayo kule ndawo;
• iindawo zokugcina izinto ezikhoyo kwindawo yokusasaza.

Umgangatho wamanzi 

Ukuthutha amanzi ngemoto ukuze kusetyenziswe ngabantu kufuneka kunike amanzi alungele ukuselwa kwaye kulandele izalathisi ze-SPHERE zomgangatho wamanzi. Umgangatho wamanzi uqinisekiswa xa kuthuthwa amanzi ngemoto ngemoto engxamisekileyo ngale ndlela ilandelayo:

1. Ukukhethwa komthombo wamanzi ozalisa itanki – iindawo zamanzi ezifumaneka kwiilori zamanzi kwi-ASAL ziquka imingxuma eyombiweyo, amanzi aphumayo (aqokelelwa kwiipani zomhlaba, amadama ase-hafir, ii-birkads, njl.njl.), kunye neenkqubo zokubonelela ngamanzi zikamasipala. Umgangatho wamanzi kwezi mithombo zahlukeneyo uyahluka kakhulu. Nangona imingxuma idla ngokubonelela ngamanzi asemgangathweni anokuthi afakwe i-chlorine ngokulula ukuze asele, iindawo zokuqokelelwa kwamanzi angaphezulu zihlala zinamanzi amdaka kakhulu ukuba amanzi angafakwa i-chlorine ngaphandle konyango lwangaphambi kokuba anyangwe (ukujiya/ukuqunjelwa okanye ukuhluzwa).  
2. Treatment Water – amanzi kufuneka afakwe i-chlorine ukuze kuveliswe intsalela ye-chlorine eyi-0.5 mg/L kwindawo yokusetyenziswa. Oku kungenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:
   1. Ukufakwa kwe-chlorine kumthombo wamanzi – ukutsalwa kwe-chlorine kungenziwa kwi-tanker yamanzi ngokwayo; inzuzo yale ndlela kukuba amanzi amaninzi anokutsalwa i-chlorine ngokukhawuleza nangokulula kusetyenziswa i-HTH chlorine, kwaye amanzi angasetyenziswa ngoko nangoko ngabaxhamli xa beqokelela. Nangona kunjalo, umngeni ofunyenwe kwiimpendulo ezininzi zembalela, kukwala kwabaqhubi bee-tanker zamanzi ukuvumela ukutsalwa kwe-chlorine ngaphakathi kwi-tank yesinyithi ngenxa yokubola kwe-tank.  
   2. Ukufakwa kwe-chlorine kwindawo yokusasazwa – ukutsalwa kwe-chlorine kungenziwa kwindawo yokusasazwa apho abaqhubi bolwazi loluntu bongeza i-chlorine efunekayo emanzini ahamba ngeloli, ngaphambi kokuba kusasazwe. Oku kwenziwe eWajir, eKenya ngexesha lokusabela kwimbalela ka-2011. Imingeni efunyenweyo koku, kukuqinisekisa ukuba ukutsalwa kwe-chlorine kwenziwa kunye namanzi aziswayo, kunye neemfuno ezichanekileyo zokutsalwa.
   3. Ukufakwa kwe-chlorine kumakhaya – oku kudla ngokwenziwa ngokubonelela ngee-Aquatabs okanye imveliso efanayo ye-chlorine ekwaziyo ukunyanga ibhotile yamanzi engama-20-litre. Oku kuye kwenziwa kwiindlela zokungenelela apho ukukhlorishwa kwamanzi kumthombo bekungenakwenzeka. Ukukhlorishwa kwamanzi kumthombo wamanzi okanye kwi-tanker yamanzi kuyathandwa kunale ndlela njengoko ukukhlorishwa kumakhaya kufuna imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo kunye nezixhobo ezifana nezi:
      1. Ukusasazwa kwee-Aquatabs kubasebenzisi abacetywayo;
      2. Ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwe-Aquatabs;
      3. Ukubeka iliso emva kokusasazwa kokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kunye neentsalela zekhlorine kwinqanaba lekhaya.

Ukugcinwa kwamanzi

Ukugcinwa kwamanzi ngokukhuselekileyo yimfuneko engenakuphikiswana kuyo yonke indawo yokuhambisa amanzi ukuze:

• Ukubonelela ngokugcinwa kwamanzi aneleyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabemi kangangexesha elithile;
• Thintela ungcoliseko lwamanzi kwaye ugcine umgangatho wamanzi usemgangathweni;
• Thintela ukufuma kwamanzi.

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeenqanawa zokugcina amanzi zingasetyenziswa:

• Iindawo zokugcina amanzi ezikhoyo kwiindawo zokuhlala (amatanki amanzi okwakha, amatanki asetyenziselwa ukuqokelela imvula eluphahleni, njl.njl.) – ezi kufuneka zibekwe phambili. Amatanki kufuneka aqale acocwe kwaye ahlolwe ukuba akawonakali na. Iingenelo: sele ekho kuluntu; angasetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza. Iingxaki: angonakala; asenokungacoceki okanye angagqunywanga; umthamo wokugcina usenokuba ngowaneleyo.
• Iitanki zePlastiki – amazwe amaninzi kwi-HECA athengisa iitanki zeplastiki ezenziwe apha ekhaya (iitanki zeRoto ezingumzekelo eMpuma Afrika) ezifumaneka ngobukhulu obahlukeneyo ukusuka kwi-1,000 ukuya kwi-24,000 yeelitha. Iitanki zithuthwa lula, zihlala ixesha elide, zikhuselekile ukugcina amanzi okusela kwaye zinokufakelwa ngokulula izixhobo zombhobho kwindawo yokuphuma/yokungena. Iitanki kufuneka ziphakanyiswe ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuba amanzi aqokelelwe ngempompo. Iitanki kunye nomsebenzi wembhobho kufuneka ziqiniswe ngokuqinileyo ukuthintela umonakalo etankini.  eziluncedo: ifumaneka lula kwiimarike ezininzi; ixabiso elifanelekileyo; ingashiywa kuluntu okanye kumaziko asekuhlaleni emva kokuphela kokungenelela ukuze isebenze njengendawo yokugcina amanzi ekhuselekileyo okanye iimeko ezingxamisekileyo; kulula ukuyithutha.   nezingeloncedo: ukuba kufuneka iitanki ezininzi, ixabiso linokuba liphezulu kakhulu; ngelixa iitanki zilula, zithatha umthamo omkhulu ngoko ke iindleko zothutho zinokuba ziphezulu kakhulu.
• Izinyithi – izinyithi zingalungiselelwa ngokukhawuleza ukuthutha amanzi, nangona ukuthengwa kweendawo kulucelomngeni. Izinyithi zasetyenziswa eWajir, eKenya ngo-2011 ngenxa yokuba akukho nanye kwezi tanki zamanzi eyayineepompo zamanzi zokukhupha amanzi; amanzi kwezi ndawo akhutshwa ngumxhuzulane (ngesiqhelo ngepayipi yombhobho). Iindawo ezininzi zokuhlala kwezi ndawo zineetanki zeplastiki ezidityanisiweyo ezingcwatywe emhlabeni ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuthuthwa ngokusebenzisa umxhuzulane ovela kwiitanki zamanzi; ingxaki yoku kukuba imiphezulu yeetanki iyanqunyulwa kwaye ishiywe ivuliwe ukuze kuvunyelwe ukutsalwa kwamanzi ngentambo kunye nebhakethi kuba indawo yokukhupha ingcwatyelwe. Kwiindawo zokuhlala apho kwakungekho matanki akhoyo, izinyithi (5,000 - 10,000 ilitha) zafakelwa ukugcina amanzi, ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kwiitanki ngokusebenzisa umxhuzulane. Ngenxa yokuba ukuphakama kweetanki zeplastiki kudlula iimitha ezi-2, ukuthuthwa kuzo bekungenakwenzeka.  eziluncedo: kulula ukuyithutha, ukuseta ngokukhawuleza, ukugcina amanzi ngokukhuselekileyo, kulula ukuyiqhagamshela kwindawo yokumisa itephu.  nezingeloncedo: ixesha lokuthenga libiza kakhulu, linokuba lide; linokuchaphazeleka lula.
• Indawo yokugcina abafuyi beenkomo abaphathwayo – xa kuthuthwa amanzi ngeloli kubafuyi abajikelezayo, abanokuthi bahlale kwindawo ethile ixesha elifutshane, ukubonelela ngeendawo zokugcina amanzi ezifana netanki yeplastiki okanye isinyi kusenokungasebenzi kakuhle, ngenxa yesidingo sokuthuthwa ngeloli kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwixesha elithile njengoko abantu behambahamba. Ungenelelo lwangaphambili endaweni yoko luye lwemba imingxunya emhlabeni lwaza lwayigquma ngeplastiki enzima ukuze kuncitshiswe ungcoliseko olunokubakho. Ngelixa amanzi ayesavulelekile ukuba angangcoliswa, injongo yayikukuzama ukunciphisa iingozi zempilo yoluntu ngokuthintela ukungcoliswa okugqithisileyo ngokusebenzisa ulwelo lomngxunya, ukuthintela ukuvuza kwamanzi, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomhlaba, kunye okanye ukufuma xa kugqunywe.  
• Indawo yokugcina izinto kwiNqanaba leKhaya – iintsapho zifuna indawo eyaneleyo yokugcina amanzi kwiikhonteyina ezikhuselekileyo ukuze zigcine, ubuncinane, ubuninzi bamanzi ezinelungelo lokuwaqokelela ngokuziswa kwamanzi ngakunye.  

U sasazo

Isitya ngasinye sokugcina amanzi kufuneka sibe nendlela ecocekileyo yokuqokelelwa kwamanzi. Oku kwenziwa ngcono ngokudibanisa itanki kwisitendi sempompo (isitendi sempompo esiqhelekileyo se-Oxfam okanye iyunithi eyenziwe kwindawo). Oku kubalulekile ukuze:

• Thintela ungcoliseko ngexesha lokuqokelelwa kwamanzi;
• Thintela imigca emide ngexesha lokuqokelela impahla.

Zonke iinqanawa zokugcina amanzi kufuneka ziphakanyiswe ubuncinane ukusuka kwi-1-1.5m ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuhamba kwamanzi ukuya kwindawo yokumisa amanzi. Umngeni uvela xa kusetyenziswa iitanki ezingaphantsi komhlaba/ezingcwatywe phantsi komhlaba ukugcina amanzi; kule meko, kufuneka kucetywe indlela yokukhupha amanzi eya kunciphisa umngcipheko wongcoliseko:

• Ukusetyenziswa kwepompo yesandla;
• Ibhakethi/intambo elungiselelweyo ecocwayo/ebulawa iintsholongwane rhoqo;
• Ukwahlulwa kwabantu/izilwanyana kwindawo yokufikelela;
• Amanyathelo okukhusela ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokungena kokungcola/izinto ezingcolisayo/njl. kwisitya sokugcina impahla.

Ukusetyenziswa kwabantu nemfuyo

Ukuhamba ngeenqwelo zamanzi kubiza kakhulu kwaye akunakugcinwa ixesha elide, kusetyenziswa kuphela njengendlela yokusindisa ubomi. Ngenxa yoko, i-Oxfam ibonelela ngeenqwelo zamanzi kuphela kwiimfuno zokusinda kwabantu kwaye ayiboneleli ngeenqwelo zamanzi ukujongana neemfuno zemfuyo . I-DPPB Somali Region kunye ne-Ethiopia WASH Cluster “Izikhokelo zeNqwelo-mafutha zamanzi eziNgxamisekileyo” ithi oku kulandelayo:

Isizathu sokungabandakanyi imfuyo kwiindlela zokuthutha amanzi ziquka:

• Ukuba imfuyo ayifumani kudla kwemfuyo, ukubonelelwa ngamanzi akuqinisekisi ukuba iphila, kuba iimfuno zayo zokutya azifezekiswa;
• Iindleko zokutshintsha isilwanyana zidla ngokugqithwa kumanyathelo okuthatha ixesha elide okuhambisa amanzi (ukuba kuya kwenzeka ukususwa kweenkomo kunye nokufakwa kwakhona kweenkomo).

Ukuba ukubonelela ngamanzi kwimfuyo kuthathwa njengento enenjongo, ukungenelela okufana nokuxhaswa ngepetroli kwimigodi yemigodi enobuchule kunokusetyenziswa ukwanelisa le mfuno (jonga iiNkxaso zeFuel & Cash kwimigodi yemigodi kwicandelo leeNgcali ezingeyiyo i-EWT kunye neSifundo seTyala kwiWajir, Kenya Response on Embarrath ).

Ujoliso

Nje ukuba kuvunyelwene ngokungenelela okungxamisekileyo ngeelori zamanzi, inyathelo elilandelayo kujoliswe kubaxhamli. Xa kunqongophala kwamanzi, ngamanye amaxesha ukugubungela uluntu ngokubanzi yeyona nto iphambili. Ngamanye amaxesha (ingakumbi ngexesha lokuqala kwembalela), yipesenti kuphela yabantu enokujoliswa kuyo.  

Le mibuzo ilandelayo kufuneka iqwalaselwe ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe olu tyando:

• Umgama ekufuneka uluntu luwuhambe ukuze lufumane amanzi ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo;
• Umgama ekufuneka uhanjwe luluntu ngexesha lengxaki yembalela
• Ingaba umthombo wamanzi utshintshile kwiiveki ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo – umz. ingaba unetyuwa eninzi, ingaba umthamo wawo unciphile, ingaba umthombo wawomile ngokupheleleyo?
• Yeyiphi indlela yokulungisa iingxaki eza kusetyenziswa xa kungekho ndlela yokuthutha amanzi?
• Uluntu belukwazi njani ukumelana nexesha lonyaka elingaphambili lokungabikho kwemvula?
• Ingaba uluntu lunokukhetha ukuthenga amanzi kubathengisi bamanzi babucala?

Uvavanyo noCwangciso

Ukuhamba ngeenqwelo zamanzi ngendlela eyingozi yindlela yokuhambisa amanzi. Ukongeza ekuqhekekeni kwamanzi ukuba kukho ingxabano kuloo ndawo, i-EWT ayichaphazeli nje kuphela ukungazinzi kodwa ikwachaphazela nendlela ebonwa ngayo ukhuseleko. I-EWT ngumzamo onobungozi obukhulu kwi-Arhente ejolise ekuboneleleni ngokubonelela ngokubonelela ngokulinganayo.

Xa kucwangciswa ukungenelela kokuthutha amanzi, ulwazi olulandelayo luyimfuneko ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe:

1. Uluhlu lweendawo eziza kunikwa amanzi kuqala. Uvavanyo ngalunye lwendawo kufuneka luquke:
   1. Inani labaxhamli ekujoliswe kubo (iingubo ezinde okanye amaqela athile ekujoliswe kuwo);
   2. Iindawo zokugcina amanzi ezikhoyo kunye nemeko yazo;
   3. Izikhombisi zeGPS zendawo;
   4. Umgama ukusuka kumthombo wamanzi okufutshane;
   5. Iipani zamanzi okanye ezinye iindawo zokuqokelela amanzi kuloo ndawo.
   6. Ukubakho kwabanye abadlali;
   7. Ingaba kukho ukungenelela kukarhulumente okanye kwimibutho engekho phantsi korhulumente ekuthuthweni kwamanzi?
2. Uvavanyo kunye nokukhethwa kwemithombo yamanzi enokubakho. Oku kuquka:
   1. Umthamo wokuvelisa indawo yokuzalisa amanzi etanki (ilitha/ngosuku) – imveliso ekhuselekileyo yomngxuma kunye nomthamo wezixhobo zokumpompa;
   2. Imfuno yangoku kwindawo yamanzi (inani labasebenzisi kunye nobungakanani obusasazwayo ngosuku) kunye nemfuno eyongezelelweyo eqikelelweyo evela kubemi bendawo ngexesha elicwangcisiweyo lokusetyenziswa - abafuni "ukugqitha" indawo yamanzi kwaye banciphise ukufikelela kumanzi kubasebenzisi bendawo. Inkxalabo ephambili kufuneka ibe kukuthintela ukonakala kukhuseleko lwamanzi kubemi kwindawo yamanzi; akufuneki bathwale iindleko zenkqubo ye-EWT.
   3. Indawo yokugcina amanzi iyafumaneka kwaye kufuneka inike amandla okongeziweyo okupompa acingelwayo kwinqanaba lesicelo.
   4. Inani leeyure zokusebenza esebenza ngazo ngoku.
   5. Ixesha langoku lokuma emgceni kwindawo yamanzi:
      1. Lingakanani ixesha abantu abalinde ukufumana amanzi?
      2. Ilori yamanzi yayiza kulinda ixesha elingakanani ukuze ifumane amanzi?
   6. Ukufumaneka kwezixhobo zokumpompa ezisebenza ngexesha elinye, kunye nezixhobo zokulungisa nokulungisa ezikhawulezayo. Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela amalungiselelo okuxhasa ukulungiswa nokugcinwa kwezixhobo ngexesha lesicelo - amaqela aphendula ngokukhawuleza, izixhobo zokulungisa ezikhawulezayo, oomakhenikhi abajongana nokusebenza kwelori ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kobonelelo. 
   7. Iindlela zokuthintela ungcoliseko lwamanzi – ukuma okuqinileyo, iifreyimu zokuxhoma iipayipi zokuhambisa. 
3. Uvavanyo lwemarike yeetanki zamanzi zorhwebo kunye nezothutho. Oku kuquka:
   1. Inani leetanki zamanzi ezikhoyo kunye nomthamo wazo;
   2. Imeko yeelori zamanzi:
      1. Ingaba itanki ikhuselekile ukugcina amanzi okusela (ayengasetyenziselwa ipetroli ngaphambili; icocekile kwaye ayigqwalanga; njl.njl.).
      2. Ingaba itanki igcinwe kakuhle kwaye iyakwazi ukuhambisa izinto ezindleleni ekulindelwe ukuba baqhube kuzo?
      3. Ingaba umqhubi welori yamanzi uxhotyisiwe kwaye unako ukusebenzisa ipompo yokukhupha amanzi athuthwayo?
   3. Inani leelori ezisicaba ezikhoyo kunye nomthamo wazo:
      1. Imeko yeelori (ifana neka-b.ii ngasentla);
      2. Baza kuwathutha njani amanzi? Itanki yeplastiki, isinyi, njl.njl.
   4. Ingaba ilori ineempompo kunye neepayipi zokwenza kube lula ukupompa? Ngaba ezi zinto ziya kufuneka zithengwe?
   5. Ukuba semthethweni kwesithuthi:
      1. Ingaba ubhaliso lwesithuthi lugqityiwe kwaye luhlaziyiwe?
      2. Ingaba umqhubi unelayisenisi yokuqhuba esemthethweni yolu hlobo lwesithuthi?
      3. Ngaba indlela yezithuthi ifanelekile ngokomthetho wezothutho wasekuhlaleni (izibane zokusebenza, amatayara aneleyo, njl.njl.)?
   6. Amava angaphambili - ngaba le moto ibikhe yasebenza ngaphambili kumsebenzi wokuthutha amanzi?

4. Uphuhliso lwesicwangciso sokuthutha amanzi, oluya kuquka:
   1. Umthamo wamanzi ofunekayo kwindawo nganye;
   2. Umgama wokuhamba kunye namaxesha okuhamba aqikelelweyo ukusuka kumthombo wamanzi ukuya kwindawo yokusasazwa kwamanzi;
   3. Ixesha eliqikelelweyo lokuzalisa (kumthombo wamanzi kwaye kwakhona kwindawo yokusasaza);
   4. Amandla okugcina akhoyo kunye neemfuno ezongezelelweyo zokugcina;
   5. Umthamo weetanki zamanzi;
   6. Amanyathelo empilo nokhuseleko kumthombo wamanzi nakwindawo yokusasazwa kwamanzi (asebenza kubasebenzi bemigodi yamanzi, iilori zamanzi, kunye nabasebenzi kwindawo yokusasazwa kwamanzi). 
5. Olu lwazi ludityaniswa ndawonye ngokwesikimu (okanye kusetyenziswa inkqubo efana neGoogle Earth) efana nale mzekelo:

Ukusuka kwesi sicwangciso, ishedyuli yokuhanjiswa kwempahla yetanki yamanzi/ilori nganye evunyelweneyo inokwenziwa.

6. Ukuyila Iindlela Zokuphendula Nokubeka Esweni Ukuhanjiswa Kwezinto – kufuneka kubekwe iindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwenziwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ukuze abo basesichengeni kakhulu kuluntu bafumane kunye nobungakanani obuchanekileyo kunye nomgangatho ofanelekileyo.
   1. Ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi – kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi, nokuba kukodwa okanye zidityaniswe:
      1. Iipayinti zokuhambisa amanzi – ilori nganye yamanzi inencwadi yeepayinti zokuhambisa amanzi eziphindwe kathathu. Ikopi enye ishiywa kumqhubi wequla xa kuzaliswa itanki; ikopi enye inikwa indawo ephambili kwindawo yokusasaza amanzi xa kuziswa amanzi kwisitya sokugcina amanzi; ikopi enye isala kumqhubi welori ukuze ayithumele kwi-OGB.
      2. Abahloli – abantu abaqinisekisa ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi kugqityiwe. Aba bangaba ngamalungu oluntu lwasekuhlaleni okanye abasebenzi abaqeshiweyo; amavolontiya okanye abasebenzi abaqhelekileyo. Bangabekwa kwindawo yomthombo wamanzi kunye/okanye kwindawo yokusasaza, okanye banokuhamba neetanki zamanzi. Bagcina uluhlu lwezinto ezihanjisiweyo kwaye banike ingxelo ngazo naziphi na izinto ezingakhange zihanjiswe kunye/okanye izinto ezingakhange zihlangatyezwe ngokweemfuno ezivunyiweyo (ubungakanani okanye umgangatho wamanzi, ixesha lokuhanjiswa, njl.njl.).  
      3. Iivawutsha – iivawutsha zinokunikwa imonitha ebekwe kwindawo yokusasaza. Ivawutsha iyasayinwa kwaye inikwe umqhubi welori xa ifike ngempumelelo; emva koko iivawutsha zinikezelwa kwi-Oxfam ukuze ihlawulwe.

Indlela

Iilori zamanzi zijolise kubafuyi abahambahambayo (amanzi asimahla)

Nangona ukuthunyelwa kwamanzi ngemoto ukuya kwiindawo zokuhlala ezisemgangathweni kuye kwajongwana nako apha, ii-ASALs zikhaya labemi abaninzi abafuyi bemfuyo abasoloko bexhamla kwiingxaki zembalela, kwaye, ngokongeza, ukuthunyelwa ngamanzi ngemoto ngokukhawuleza.  

Ukuthunyelwa kwamanzi ngelori ehambayo kubafuyi kubandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi kwiindawo zexeshana ezikwiindlela zokufuduka kwabafuyi. La manzi athunyelwa kwiitanki zokugcina iplastiki okanye, xa ubungakanani bamanzi buncinci kwaye indawo ikwixeshana (iintsuku ezimbalwa), imingxunya iyagrunjwa ize igqunywe ngeplastiki ukuze kugcinwe amanzi. Oku kwenziwa yi-Oxfam GB eKenya ngo-2008 - ukungenelela bekujoliswe ekuthuthweni kwamanzi kwiindawo zexeshana ukuze: 

• ukuxhasa iindlela zemveli zokujongana nabelusi (umz. iindlela zokufuduka);
• ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokonakala kokusingqongileyo (umz. ukutyisa kakhulu) ngokunciphisa ukuxinana kwabantu nemfuyo kwiindawo ezimbalwa ezihlala zihleli ezinamanzi kunye neendawo zokusasaza amanzi kwiindawo zokuhlala ezisisigxina. 

Iilori zamanzi zijolise kwiindawo zokuhlala (amanzi asimahla) 

Oku kubandakanya ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kwiindawo ezisele zimi apho kungekho manzi asisigxina khona. Kolu hlobo longenelelo, i-Oxfam iqesha ngokuthe ngqo iitanki zamanzi/iilori ukuba zithumele amanzi aneleyo kwiindawo ezithile zokusasaza. I-Oxfam ihlawulela amanzi (ahlala ethengwa kwimigodi) kwaye ihlawulela nothutho (iitanki zamanzi/iilori) ukuze zithumele amanzi. Amanzi anikezelwa simahla kubaxhamli. Iingxoxo zamaqela ezijolise rhoqo nabaxhamli ekujoliswe kubo ziyafuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukufikelela kuwo simahla.

Ubonelelo lwamanzi ngeeVawutsha

Ukubonelela ngamanzi ngeevawutsha lukhetho olunokusetyenziswa kwiindawo apho kukho imakethi yorhwebo yokuthutha amanzi. Umzekelo, kwiindawo zaseSomalia, eKenya nase-Ethiopia, ezinye iindawo ezinengxaki yokunqongophala kwamanzi rhoqo ziqokelela izixhobo zazo ukuze zithenge amanzi kwiinqanawa zamanzi ezihambayo. Iivawutsha zemali eziprintiweyo kwangaphambili zisasazwa kubaxhamli ekujoliswe kubo, emva koko zihlawulelwa ngababoneleli bazo bamanzi abaqhelekileyo ukuze bafumane amanzi aneleyo. Iivawutsha zingasetyenziswa kanye okanye zisetyenziswe kaninzi. Iintlawulo zokudluliselwa kwemali emva koko zenziwa kubaboneleli bezorhwebo ngokuchasene neevawutsha ezifakiweyo.  

Iingenelo zenkqubo yevawutsha ziquka:

• Ukusetyenziswa kwemarike yorhwebo ekhoyo – ngokusebenzisa abathengisi bezorhwebo abakhoyo abasetyenziswa ngabantu ngokubanzi, amashishini eenqanawa zamanzi zasekuhlaleni ayaxhaswa kwaye aqiniswe. Kulula ukuphuma kule nkqubo, njengoko iinqanawa zamanzi zorhwebo zisafumaneka kule ndawo kwabo bangathanda ukuqhubeka nokuthenga amanzi.  
• Ukuphuculwa kokujolisa – kwiindlela zokungenelela apho kungafuneki ukujolisa ngokubanzi, kuphela abaxhamli abajoliswe kubo banikwa iivawutsha. Kwindlela yokungenelela ngqo yokuthutha amanzi, kunzima kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ngabaxhamli abajoliswe kubo kuphela abafumana amanzi aziswayo. Ngamaxesha apho ivawutsha ilahlekile okanye ibiwe, inkqubo yokuqinisekisa inokubekwa, ngokubuza umxhamli ojoliswe kubo omnye wemibuzo yakhe eyimfihlo esele icwangcisiwe (umz. kwimeko yoluntu olujoliswe kuTurkana lunemibuzo emithathu eyimfihlo). 
• Ukusebenza kweendleko – abaxhamli beevawutsha bafumana amanzi ngokwexabiso lemarike yangoku. Ukungenelela ngokuthe ngqo kwiilori zamanzi, apho ii-NGO ziqesha ngokuthe ngqo inani elikhulu leetanki zamanzi, amaxesha amaninzi kuphazamisa amaxabiso emarike yamanzi kwaye kunyusa amaxabiso kwabo bangathanda ukuqhubeka nokuthenga amanzi.  
• Ukubeka esweni okuphuculweyo nokulula – inani leevawutsha eziqokelelweyo libonisa indlela amanzi aqokelelwa ngayo. Iivawutsha ngokwazo zingaqulatha ulwazi lwabaxhamli ukuze kujongwe ngakumbi ukuqokelelwa kwamanzi ngabanye. Ukuhlolwa komgangatho wamanzi (amanqanaba e-chlorine angenanto) kusafuneka kujongwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye akufuneki kulityalwe.
• Ukhetho Olwandisiweyo Kwabaxhamli –abaxhamli banokukhetha indlela abafuna ukusebenzisa okanye ukuhambisa ngayo amanzi abo – banike amalungu osapho, izilwanyana, abamelwane, njl.njl.  

Isivumelwano sekhontrakthi phakathi kwe-Oxfam kunye nomboneleli weenkonzo kufuneka sichaze oku kulandelayo:

• Ubungakanani bamanzi ekufuneka ahanjiswe;
• Umgangatho wamanzi aza kuhanjiswa (umthombo wamanzi, naluphi na unyango olufunekayo, njl.njl.);
• Ukuphindaphindwa kokuhanjiswa kwamanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaxhamli baqokelela amanzi ngexesha elifanelekileyo.  

Ukuze ufumane isikhokelo esithe vetshe, jonga iSomalia WASH Cluster Guidelines for Water Provision through Vouchers (2011).

Ezinye iindlela zokuqhuba iilori zamanzi

Ukuvuselelwa/Ukulungiswa kweMithombo yamanzi ekhoyo

Kwiindawo apho kukho iindawo zamanzi ezingasebenziyo, ukulungiswa nokugcinwa kwezi zibonelelo kufanele kube yinto ephambili.  

Izibonelelo zeFuel kunye nemali kwiBoreholes

Kwiindawo apho uluntu lufumana amanzi athengiswayo kwiindawo zokutsala amanzi kodwa amandla okuthenga ehlile, izibonelelo (eziqhelekileyo zipetroli) zinganikwa amaziko olawulo lweendawo zokutsala amanzi ukuze kwehliswe ixabiso lamanzi kubathengi, okanye nokuba zibonelelwe simahla ngamaxesha oxinzelelo olukhulu. Injongo kukugcina ixabiso lamanzi ngexabiso elinokufikelelwa luluntu ekujoliswe kulo, okanye ukubonelelwa simahla ngamaxesha obunzima obukhulu. Ukubonelela ngepetroli yasimahla, enokutolikwa njengokubonelela ngamanzi asimahla, kufuna icebo lokuphuma elicwangcisiweyo. Oku kunokunxulunyaniswa nemvula ezayo, okanye ukudibanisa ipetroli yasimahla kunye nemisebenzi yokwenza imali, ukususa amatye (ukuba kufanelekile) kunye nemali ngeevawutsha, imali yomsebenzi njl. Le yindlela ekhethwayo apho iimfuno zamanzi zabafuyi abahambahambayo ziyinkxalabo.

Iimfuneko :

• Iindawo zamanzi ezaneleyo kumgama ofanelekileyo ukusuka kubantu ekujoliswe kubo;
• Abantu ekujoliswe kubo banemali yokuthenga amanzi ngexabiso elixhaswayo;  
• Isivumelwano nolwakhiwo lolawulo lwemigodi yamanzi kwixabiso elixhaswayo lamanzi.
• Uvavanyo kunye noXanduva kunye noXanduva – udliwanondlebe oluqhelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi anikezelwa simahla.

IiBoreholes eziNgxamisekileyo

Imingxuma engxamisekileyo yimingxunya egrunjwe kwiindawo ezikude zokutyisa amadlelo enamadlelo amahle kodwa amanzi aneleyo, okanye iindawo ezinengxaki yokunqongophala kwamanzi kakhulu ngamaxesha embalela. Le mingxunya isebenza kuphela ngamaxesha embalela ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezandayo zabalusi (kwiindawo ezikude zokutyisa amadlelo) okanye ukufezekisa iimfuno zokungenelela kwamanzi ngokukhawuleza. Emva koko iyachithwa ngexesha elingengombalela, njengoko ingasetyenziswa njengomthombo wamanzi osisigxina, ukuze ingatsali uluntu oluhlala kwindawo ekufutshane nayo kwaye yonakalise iindawo zokutyisa amadlelo. Ingafakwa ngokukhawuleza ipompo kunye nejenereyitha ngexesha lokwanda kweemfuno zamanzi.

Ilishwa:

• Kunzima ukunyanzelisa ukudilizwa kwazo ngexesha elingelilo elomileyo
• Amaxesha amaninzi asetyenziswa ngabezopolitiko ukuhlalisa uluntu.

Uphuhliso lweMithombo yamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba 

Uphuhliso lwemithombo yamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kwiindawo ezinemvula engathembekanga lunokuba yindlela eyahlukileyo kwaye, ngamanye amaxesha, yindlela engabizi kakhulu yokubonelela ngamanzi. Ukwakhiwa kwemingxuma yamanzi eneenkqubo zokumpompa, umzekelo, ngamanye amaxesha kunokubonakala kubiza kancinci kunenkqubo enkulu yokuthutha amanzi. Imingxuma yamanzi inokubekwa kwiindawo ezinokusasazwa okungalunganga kweendawo zamanzi ezisisigxina, kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo ecaleni kweendlela ezibalulekileyo zokufuduka kwabalusi, okanye kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo ezinokuthi zinciphise umgama wokuthutha amanzi.  

Iimfuneko zophuhliso lwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ziquka amandla aneleyo okufumana amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba (ingxaki edla ngokuba yingxaki kwi-ASALs) kunye nomgangatho owaneleyo wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba (iindawo ezibalulekileyo ze-ASALs kwi-HECA zimanzi angaphantsi komhlaba anetyuwa). Nokuba kwiindawo ezinamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba aneleyo, ukumba imingxuma yamanzi yingxaki enzima ngenxa yezi ngxaki zilandelayo:

• Uzinzo lwemithombo yamanzi kufuneka luqwalaselwe – kungekuphela nje ngokusebenza nokugcinwa kwayo, kodwa nangokuphathelele umthombo wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ngokwawo – amazinga okutsalwa kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba anokuchatshazelwa xa kuthelekiswa nokuzaliswa kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba;
• Amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kwiindawo ezininzi ze-ASALs adla ngokuba netyuwa; kufuneka uhlalutyo olunzulu lwe-hydro-geological;
• Uphuhliso lwemithombo yamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kwiindawo ezifuywayo kufuneka lucwangciswe ngononophelo malunga nokuba zikufutshane kangakanani neendawo zokufuya kunye neendlela zokufuduka. Imingxuma kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-ASALs kwi-HECA ikhokelele ekubeni abelusi bazise imfuyo yabo kwezi ndawo zamanzi, nto leyo ebangele ukufuya kakhulu kunye nokonakaliswa okukhulu kwedlelo elijikelezileyo. Kukwakho neemeko zezi ndawo zamanzi ezihlala zihleli ezikhuthaza ukuhlaliswa kwabalusi ababefudula behambahamba. Ukuvalwa komhlaba ojikeleze iindawo zamanzi (umhlaba owawusakuba yindawo yokufuya/yokufuya) nawo uye wabonwa. Ngamafutshane, ukudalwa kwemingxuma emitsha kwiindawo ezifuywayo kufuna inqanaba eliphezulu lokubonisana nabachaphazelekayo basekuhlaleni, ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo indlela amaqela ahlukeneyo okuziphilisa aphila ngayo kuloo ndawo kunye neendawo ezifanelekileyo zokuseza imfuyo (umz. iipani zomhlaba). 

Ezinye iindlela zokufikelela kumanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ezinokuthi zikhethwe kunokugrumba imingxuma ziquka:

• Ukumilisela imithombo ekhoyo egrunjwe ngesandla;
• Uphuhliso lwemithombo emitsha eyombiwe ngesandla;
• Uphuhliso lwemithombo ye-wadi eneengcango.

Imali yomsebenzi

Kwiindawo apho amanzi athengiswa khona kodwa abantu bengenawo amandla okuthenga, imali yokuthenga (i-CFW) inokubonelela ngemali ukuze abantu baqhubeke nokuthenga amanzi ngendlela yabo eqhelekileyo. I-CFW kufuneka ijolise kwabo basesichengeni, kwaye imfuneko yolu ngenelelo kukubakho kwabathengisi bamanzi abaneleyo kwicandelo longenelelo.  

Izikhokelo zeSomalia WASH Cluster zicebisa ukuba i-CFW isetyenziswe kwiindawo apho kukho iziseko zamanzi ezikhoyo ukuvuselela (iipani zamanzi, ii-birkads, imithombo enganzulu, njl.njl.) kwaye kungekho mithombo yamanzi esisigxina. Eminye imingeni kwi-CFW enxulumene ne-ASALs ibandakanya:

• Ungenelelo lwe-CFW kufuneka lwenziwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo – ekuqaleni kwexesha lembalela xa abantu besenamandla okusebenza, kwaye xa amanzi esafumaneka ngobuninzi obaneleyo kwezorhwebo;
• Ii-ASAL zihlala zinabantu abambalwa, kwaye indawo ezikuyo iindawo zokusebenza ze-CFW kufuneka iqwalaselwe ngokweenkcukacha ukuba zikufutshane kangakanani nabantu ekujoliswe kubo.

Amaqhinga okukhuthaza impilo yoluntu ngokukodwa ekuthuthweni ngamanzi 

Ukukhuthazwa kwezeMpilo yoLuntu (i-PHP) kwimeko yembalela kunzima kakhulu, njengoko ukungabikho kwamanzi kuthintela kakhulu iindlela zococeko ezinokujoliswa kuzo. Njengoko uluntu lusasazeke kwindawo enkulu, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha luhambahamba kancinci, ukunxibelelana ngemiyalezo ephambili nako kuyingxaki.  

Kwimisebenzi yokungenelela kwiilori zamanzi, imisebenzi ephambili ye-PHP kufuneka ibe yesebenzayo kwaye ifanele imeko yokunqongophala kwamanzi, kwaye igxile kwizenzo kunye nezenzo ezinokwenzeka kuluntu ekujoliswe kulo. Imiyalezo kunye nemisebenzi ephambili igxile kwikhonkco lamanzi akhuselekileyo kunye nococeko lokusingqongileyo. Oku kuquka:

• Ukubiyela imida yamanzi kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezifumanekayo kwindawo ethile ukuqinisekisa ukuba izilwanyana zigcinwa kumgama okhuselekileyo;
• Amaphulo okucoca indawo yokusasaza amanzi kunye nekhaya;
• Ukusebenzisa izikhongozeli zokuqokelela amanzi ezikhuselekileyo;
• Ukusebenzisa izikhongozeli zokugcina amanzi ezikhuselekileyo ekhayeni;
• Unyango lwamanzi olusemgangathweni wasekhaya (ii-Aquatabs okanye ezifanayo) ukuba amanzi awenziwanga kwi-chlorine emthonjeni okanye kwisitya sokugcina amanzi.

Imisebenzi ephambili yile:

• Ukucoca nokulungisa iitanki zokugcina amanzi amaninzi
• Amaphulo okucoca okusingqongileyo ajolise kwiindawo zokusasaza amanzi, izikolo, iikliniki kunye neendawo zeentlanganiso zoluntu. Izixhobo zokucoca zingasasazwa kulo msebenzi, kwaye lithuba elinokwenzeka leCash For Work;
• Ukusasazwa kwezikhongozeli zokuqokelela/zokugcina amanzi akhuselekileyo; (kuphela xa kufanelekile okanye ngexesha lobhubhane wesifo sohudo apho uninzi lwezikhongozeli zamanzi zikwimeko embi yokuzicoca ngokufanelekileyo);
• Izenzo kunye nemiyalezo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezindlu zangasese kufuneka ziphetshwe kwimeko yembalela. Ukungabikho kwezindlu zangasese kwezi ndawo yingxaki engapheliyo, kwaye ukusebenza kwazo kwimeko yokunqongophala kwamanzi kuyathandabuzeka. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka kugxilwe ekukhuthazeni ukulahlwa kwendle ngokukhuselekileyo ngeendlela ezilandelayo:
  • ukuba neendawo ezibekelwe umda wokulahla indle ebantwini;
  • ukukhupha indle kude nemithombo yamanzi;
  • ukugquma ilindle ngesanti/umhlaba (indlela yekati);
  • ukuthintela izilwanyana ukuba zitye ukutya apho abantu baye bazithuma khona. 
• Ukuthumela imiyalezo kusetyenziswa amanzi ahamba ngeelori kuphela ngeenjongo zokusela nokupheka kuphela;
• Imiyalezo malunga nonyango lwangaphambi kwexesha lorhudo, umz. ukulungiswa nokusetyenziswa kwezisombululo zetyuwa yeswekile.

Njengoko ukuthumela imiyalezo kunzima kwindawo ebanzi kangaka nenabantu abambalwa, ezi zilandelayo ziindlela ezifanelekileyo kwi-ASALs:

• Ukusasazwa kwerediyo ngeelwimi zasekuhlaleni;
• Uphuhliso lwezakhono zabantu abasebenzisa amanzi (CORPS) – amalungu ombutho wabasebenzisi bamanzi, abasebenzi bezempilo kuluntu, abahloli bokulandela amanzi kunye nababelekisi bemveli;
• Imiyalezo ejoliswe kubaphulaphuli abavalelekileyo kunye nabo basesichengeni kakhulu - iindawo zokusasaza ukutya, amaziko okutyisa, amaziko ezempilo, izikolo, iindawo zokusasaza amanzi, njl.njl.;

Isitshixo sokukhuthaza impilo yoluntu ngempumelelo asikokuqulathwa kwemiyalezo kuphela, kodwa okubaluleke ngakumbi, kukukhuthazwa kokusebenzisa le miyalezo. Ukuchongwa nokusetyenziswa kwamalungu oluntu asele esebenzisa le misebenzi yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yempumelelo yayo nayiphi na inkqubo ye-PHP.

Ukubeka esweni impembelelo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemisebenzi ye-PHP kwenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:

• Ukusasazwa emva kwe-NFI – indlu ngendlu
• Ii-FGD ezahlulwe ngokwahlukeneyo
• Ukujongwa kwemisebenzi yokucoca okusingqongileyo qho ngeveki
• Ukujonga ngokuthe ngqo ucoceko olujikeleze iindawo zamanzi
• Ukuhambahamba kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye neendawo zokuhambisa amanzi.
• Ukujonga imeko yezikhongozeli zokugcina amanzi, (iijerry cans) kwinqanaba lekhaya.
• Ukulandelela izicwangciso zokusebenza emva koqeqesho lwe-CORPS ekubonakala ngathi ithathe indima noxanduva lwayo ekulungiseleleni ukucoca veki nganye (malunga neendawo zamanzi, izindlu kunye neengqayi zejerry)
• Izifo ezinxulumene ne-WASH kwinqanaba loluntu. 
• Ukuqokelelwa kwedatha yokugula kwizifo ezinxulumene ne-WASH (ingakumbi isifo sohudo kunye neMalariya) – ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuthi ga ngoku – ukumisela iindlela ezisetyenziswayo kunye nokuyila iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokungenelela

ISIDLO (kunye nomxholo wenkqubo ekude kwimeko yokwalusa)

Imisebenzi/izalathisi ezifuna ukujongwa kwimeko yongxamiseko yokuthutha amanzi ziquka:

• Ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi – ubungakanani kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo;
• Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kumakhaya (ubuninzi, ukusetyenziswa, njl.njl.);
• Ukusasazwa kwamanzi ngokulinganayo;
• Umgangatho wamanzi;

Ukulandelela rhoqo ukufikelela emanzini kufuneka kwenziwe ngokutyelela amakhaya kunye ne-FGD, ngokwahlulwahlulwa ngokwesini, iqela lobutyebi, uhlanga kunye nemeko yoluntu (ukuba kunokwenzeka).

Ukubeka esweni ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi:

Ubungakanani bamanzi aziswayo, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwawo ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kubalulekile ukuze kujongwe ngokuchanekileyo. Oku kungajongwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:

• Iincwadi zokuhambisa amanzi – iikopi ezinikwe: umthengisi wamanzi (othengisa amanzi kwi-tanker yamanzi), umqhubi we-tanker yamanzi, kunye nabasebenzi be-Oxfam.  
• Abahloli – nokuba ngabahlawulwayo okanye abazithandelayo, abahloli bakhona: kumthombo wamanzi, kwindawo yokusasaza, kunye/okanye behamba netanki yamanzi ngokwayo. Aba bahloli baqinisekisa ukuba amanzi athunyelwa kwiindawo ezichaziweyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kwaye inani elifanelekileyo lamanzi liziswa. Abahloli barekhoda olu lwazi baze balubike kubasebenzi be-Oxfam.  
• Abasebenzi be-PHP kunye namavolontiya – Abasebenzi be-PHP (kwaye ngokwandisa amavolontiya akwinqanaba loluntu abasebenza nawo) banokujonga ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi (ubuninzi kunye nokuphindaphinda) njengenxalenye yenkqubo yabo yokujonga eqhelekileyo kuluntu.  
• Abasebenzi beNkqubo – eWajir, eKenya ngo-2011, iqabane ngalinye le-NGO lasekuhlaleni i-Oxfam eyayisebenza nalo liqeshe i-water trucking monitor enye – umsebenzi wabo yayikukutyelela zonke iindawo zokusasaza amanzi, nokuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi ngokujonga ii-waybills, iingxoxo namalungu oluntu, kunye nokunxibelelana nabanini/abaqhubi beetanki zamanzi.  
• Ukubeka esweni iinqanawa zamanzi – ukumiswa ngokungacwangciswanga kweenqanawa zamanzi ukuze zibuze ngenani leehambo ezigqityiweyo kunye nobungakanani bamanzi aziswayo (kujongwa ngokweshedyuli yokuhanjiswa kwamanzi, ii-waybills kunye ne-FGDs kwinqanaba loluntu).  
• Ukusekwa kweendlela zokuphendula/zokuphendula ezivumela uluntu olujoliswe kulo ukuba lunxibelelane nabasebenzi be-Oxfam, kunye/okanye nabasebenzi abasebenzisana nabo umz. ukunxibelelana ngokulibaziseka, iingxaki zomgangatho wamanzi/ubungakanani bamanzi, kunye nexesha lokuqala kwemvula. 

Ukubeka iliso kuSasazo kwiindawo zokuhambisa amanzi:

• Ukusetyenziswa kwabahloli okanye iikomiti zasekuhlaleni ukurekhoda/ukulawula abaxhamli abasela amanzi kunye nobungakanani obuthathiweyo.  
• Kwinkqubo yeevawutsha, iivawutsha zihlawulelwa ngabaxhamli ngobungakanani bamanzi obumiselweyo kwangaphambili;
• Ukutyelela amakhaya kubalulekile ukuze kujongwe ubungakanani bamanzi afunyanwayo kwikhaya ngalinye kunye nomgangatho wamanzi.

Ukuncitshiswa koMngcipheko weeNtlekele/ukubekwa kweliso kunye nokuMepha kweMbali

Ngaphambi kwexesha lembalela, kwiindawo apho i-EWT yenziwe khona ngaphambili, oku kulandelayo kufuneka kubhalwe phantsi kwaye kumephiwe:

• Indawo apho kukho imithombo yamanzi enokubakho;
• Indawo ecwangcisiweyo yokusasaza iilori zamanzi;
• Indawo yeendawo eziphambili zokutyisa amadlelo;
• Indawo yeziseko zophuhliso zokugcina amanzi ezinokubakho.  

Imephu eyenziwe kusetyenziswa ezi ndlela ziphambili, phakathi kwezinye, inceda ekunikeni umbono jikelele wendawo eza kubonelelwa yizithuthi zamanzi, kwaye ngokubonisa umgama kunye neendawo, inceda kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kweshedyuli yezithuthi zamanzi.

Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, iikhalenda zexesha lonyaka kunye "neekhalenda zeengxaki" kufuneka kuboniswane ngazo ngokwexesha elifanelekileyo lokungenelela, kunye nemisebenzi enokwenzeka yokunciphisa ngaphambi kokuba kuqale imbalela enkulu, ukuze kuncitshiswe imfuneko yokuthutha amanzi ngequbuliso.

Umda wokuwela

Ingakumbi kwi-ASALs zeHorn of Africa, ukubeka iliso kwimida kubalulekile ekuqondeni iimfuno zangoku nezexesha elizayo. Njengoko amaqela amakhulu eenkomo efuduka emida yelizwe ukuze afikelele kwiindawo zokutyisa kunye nemithombo yamanzi (okanye ngenxa yokunqongophala kweendawo zokutyisa kunye namanzi ngenxa yembalela kwiindawo zawo eziqhelekileyo), utshintsho olungalindelekanga lunokwenzeka ngokukhawuleza ngokwemfuno yamanzi. Kwiindawo zokusebenza kufutshane nemida yamazwe ngamazwe, kubalulekile ukuba uvavanyo kunye nokubeka iliso kuthathelwe ingqalelo iipateni zokufuduka okanye ukuhamba kwabantu kwiindawo ezinqumla imida (ngokukodwa okubalulekileyo ukuba amaqabane e-Oxfam okanye e-Oxfam anemisebenzi kwiindawo ezinqumla imida).  

Isicwangciso sokuphuma ngokwezigaba

Enye yemiqobo ephambili ekungeneleleni okusebenzayo kwe-EWT okungadali ukuxhomekeka kwaye kuthomalalise amaqhinga okujongana noluntu akhoyo sisicwangciso sokuphuma esicacileyo nesichazwe kakuhle. Iikhrayitheriya zezicwangciso zokuphuma ezivela kwizikhokelo ze-EWT kulo mmandla zicebisa oku kulandelayo:

• Izalathisi ezicacileyo mazichazwe ukuze kugqitywe isiqalo kwaye ukuphela kwalo naluphi na ungenelelo lwe-EWT;
• Icebo lokuphuma kufuneka lilindelwe ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe naluphi na ungenelelo lwe-EWT;
• Le ndlela yokuphuma kufuneka icace kwaye kuvunyelwane ngayo ngabachaphazelekayo basekuhlaleni kunye nabaxhamli;

Inyani yile yokuba icebo lokuphuma elizinzileyo kwi-ASALs ngumceli mngeni omkhulu ngenxa yezi zizathu zilandelayo:

• Ukungabikho kwezalathisi ezicacileyo zokuchaza nini kwaye njani Imisebenzi ye-EWT iya kuyeka
• Amaqhinga okuphuma azinzileyo awakwazi ukwenzeka kwezinye iindawo ze-ASAL. Ezinye iindawo azinawo amandla okuphuma phantsi komhlaba okanye amandla okuphuma kulo naluphi na uhlobo lomthombo wamanzi osisigxina - yintoni icebo lokuphuma kuloo ndawo?  
• Imijikelo yenkxaso-mali yexesha elifutshane evela kubanikeli ngamanye amaxesha ayivumeli amaqhinga okuphuma kwixesha elide.  
• Isixa-mali esipheleleyo sokuthutha amanzi sidla ngokuqukwa kwibhajethi yesindululo, ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa ngokupheleleyo komxholo kunye neendleko ezinxulumene nenkqubo yokucwangcisa amanzi (umz. ukuhamba ngamanzi inyanga e-1 ukuya kubemi beendawo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka amafutha, abaqhubi, abaqhubi, ukuqesha iilori, izixhobo zokuvavanya amanzi, iikhemikhali zonyango lwamanzi, izixhobo ze-IEC njl.njl.). 

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphuma kwiindlela zokungenelela kwiilori zamanzi:

• Kwiindawo apho kukho iindawo zamanzi ezingasebenziyo ezinokulungiswa okanye zivuselelwe, into ephambili kufuneka ibe kukwenza ezi ndawo zisebenze kwaye ziphume kwimisebenzi yokuthutha amanzi ngoko nangoko emva koko; ukungenelela kunokutshintsha kuxhase i-Operation and Maintenance (O&M) yezi ndawo zamanzi;
• Ukudalwa kweendawo ezintsha zamanzi – oku kubhekiselele kakhulu ekudalweni kwemigodi emitsha kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo (iindawo ezifumana uninzi lwamaloli amanzi, iindawo ezingenazo iindawo zamanzi ezisisigxina, iindlela zokufuduka kwabalusi);
• Ukuyeka ukungenelela kwiilori zamanzi xa kuqala imvula eyaneleyo yokuzalisa izakhiwo zokuqokelela amanzi angaphezulu (iipani zomhlaba, amadama, njl.njl.). Ingozi apha kukuba imvula kwi-ASALs ayiguquguquki kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ichaphazeleka kukusasazwa okungekho mgangathweni kwendawo; ezinye iindawo zinokuthatha iminyaka ngaphandle kwemvula enkulu.  

Amaqhinga okuphuma kwi-EWT, amaxesha amaninzi ngenxa yemijikelo yokuxhasa ngemali yexesha elifutshane, agxila kwizisombululo zexesha elifutshane; nangona kunjalo, amaqhinga okuphuma asebenza ngokwenene afuna ixesha elide lokufumana amanzi ukuze kujongwane nokuguquguquka kokunikezelwa kwamanzi kunye nemfuno kwi-ASALs.  

Kwiindawo apho icebo lokuphuma elibonakalayo lingenakwenzeka, ukufaneleka kokuphumeza imisebenzi yokuthutha amanzi kufuneka kuqwalaselwe nzulu. Ukuthutha amanzi kufuneka kuqwalaselwe kuphela apho kungekho zisombululo zimbi zisebenzayo ngokubhekiselele ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno ezikhawulezileyo.

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