Excreta Disposal and Faecal Sludge Management

The sanitation chain begins with excreta disposal, in which the initial disposal and containment of human waste takes place, typically at a toilet or latrine. Through faecal sludge management, Oxfam works to achieve access to safely managed sanitation through the emptying, transport, treatment, and reuse of faecal sludge. Oxfam’s approach treats sanitation as a service beyond the initial installation of infrastructure.

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Excreta Disposal Manual
Minimum Requirements
Sanitation (the Sani Tweaks Green Card)

Excreta disposal is a service, not a one-off installation Research from latrine programmes shows that on average 40% of women are not using the…

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Different Responses, Same Old Shit
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Faecal Sludge Management in the Rohingya Response

Oxfam is developing significant in dealing with the significant amounts of faecal sludge that sometimes needs to be dealt with in emergencies. Faecal Sludge…

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Lime Treatment of Faecal Sludge for Humanitarian Contexts
Technical Brief
Urine Diversion Dry Toilets in Emergencies

Ecological Sanitation or Sustainable Sanitation? The approach of Ecological Sanitation (Ecosan) in emergency settings breaks with conventional excreta disposal options such as pit latrines…

Technical Brief
Design, construction and maintenance of a biogas generator

Introduction Biogas generators extract by-products from organic waste (including human and animal excreta, food stuffs, etc) which can be used to replace traditional fuels…

Technical Brief
Poo Bags for Safe Excreta Disposal in Emergencies

Introduction Safe excreta containment and disposal are critical components in an emergency public health response. Safe excreta management is one of the main barriers…

Technical Brief
Septic Tank Guidelines

Septic Tanks  A septic tank takes raw sewage in, allows the solids to settle (sludge) and allows the remaining liquid to flow into the…

Technical Brief
Excreta disposal for physically vulnerable people

Designing facilities with people with disabilities  Men, women and children with physical disabilities may find it difficult to use standard toilet and bathing facilities.…

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Excreta Disposal in Emergencies

This manual is designed for use by field-based technicians, engineers and non-technical staff responsible for sanitation planning, management and intervention in emergencies. This may…

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Tiger Worm Toilet Manual

Tiger Worm Toilets (TWTs), sometimes known as ‘Tiger Toilets’ or vermifilter toilets, contain composting worms inside the pit that process and digest the faeces…

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Septic Tank Field Kit Innovation Report

Field trialling of Septic tank kit 1. Problem/Gap being Addressed: In rapid on-set emergencies where large numbers of people are displaced, agencies first set…

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Fuel Briquettes Innovation Report

Trailing of FAECAL briquettes as an eco-friendly fuel source 1. Problem/gap being addressed: Firewood and charcoal accounts for 82% of cooking fuel used by…

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Container Based Sanitation Innovation Report

Pioneering Household container based toilets in low income urban settlements 1. Problem/Gap being Addressed: Over 2 miilion people live in informal, low income, settlements…

Technical Brief
Urine Diversion Dry Toilets in Camps

Standard Operating Procedures for Camps Double vault Urine Diversion Dry Toilets (UDDT) can be used as an alternative to pit latrines in refugee camps.…

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Excreta Disposal

Excreta disposal is a service not just an infrastructure. There is no one size fit all design and many choices need to be made,…

Technical Brief
Lighting for Sanitation Facilities

This Technical Brief looks at the planning and design options for lighting in and around toilets in humanitarian situations, both during the day and…