Kare, nzira dzekushandisa mvura yakachengeteka dzave dzichinyanya kutarisisa pakupa manyuko emvura ari nani. Zvisinei, pari zvino pane kubvumirana kuri kukura pakati penharaunda yeWatSan kuti mvura inogona kusvibiswa panguva yekufambisa nekuchengetedza mumba, kunyangwe mvura inobva munyuko yakachengeteka (Clasen, 2003). Saka nzira yakakwana yekubatsira mvura yakachengeteka inofanira kutanga nekuvandudzika kwemvura uye kuteverwa nekubata mvura yakachengeteka mukufambisa nekuchengetedza. Kurapa nekuchengetedza mvura mudzimba (HWTS) imwe yenzira dzekubata mvura yakachengeteka. HWTS inogonawo kurapa mvura kubva munyuko dzisina kuchengetedzeka zvinobudirira.
Iyi pfupiso yehunyanzvi inopa ruzivo nezvesarudzo dziripo dzeHTWS. Yakagadzirirwa kubatsira vashandi vemunharaunda kusarudza sarudzo yeHWTS yakakodzera nharaunda uko HWTS yakaonekwa kuti ndiyo nzira yakakodzera yekupindira. Sezvo kushanda kweHWTS kuchitsamira zvakanyanya pakugamuchirwa kwevashandisi, zvakakosha kuti vashandisi vabatanidzwe mukuita sarudzo yeHWTS, uye vazive mashandisirwo uye chikonzero chekushandisa, kuchengetedza, uye kutonga sarudzo yavo yeHWTS. Pamusoro pezvo, nzira dzese dzemvura nekurapa dzinofanira kubatanidzwa nemabasa ekusimudzira kushambidza maoko kwakakodzera uye kuchena kwezvakatipoteredza mudzimba.
ziviso
Chinangwa chikuru chechirongwa cheHWTS ndechekudzivirira kutapurirana kwezvirwere zvemanyoka zvichibva mumvura. Izvi zvakakosha zvikuru kuvana vari pasi pemakore mashanu, avo vanotambura nehuwandu hwakawanda hwezvirwere zvemanyoka pasi rose, uye kuvanhu vane masoja ekudzivirira muviri akaderedzwa simba sevanhu vanorarama neHIV neAIDS.
Zvirongwa zviri kushanda kuti mvura iwanikwe yakachengeteka zviri kutanga kutarisa pakuderedza kana kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwemvura yese, kubva panobva mvura kusvika painonwiwa. Izvi zvakavakirwa pamakore akawanda ekutsvaga kwakadzama kwakaratidza kuti kupindira kweHTWS kunoshanda mukuderedza kuwanda kwezvirwere zvemanyoka.
(WHO / Pierre Virot)
Hazvidikanwi nguva dzose kuisa HWTS mucheni yekupa mvura yakachengeteka - zvinongoshanda chete kana mvura iri panzvimbo isina kunaka, kana kuti mamiriro ekufambisa nekuchengetera mvura asina hutsanana. Kana mvura ichizivikanwa kuti yakachengeteka, mvura inogona kuchengetedzwa kuti isasvibiswezve nekukurudzira kutakurwa nekuchengetwa kwemvura yakachengeteka, uye, kana zvichidikanwa, kupa midziyo yekuchengetera mvura yakachengeteka.
Zvisinei, kana mvura inobva mumvura isingavimbiswe kana kuti mamiriro ekutakura nekuchengetera mvura asina hutsanana, mvura inofanira kugadziriswa isati yanwiwa. Mvura yakanatswa inofanira kudzivirirwa kuti isasvibiswe ne: kutora mvura zvakananga kubva muchikamu chekurapa; kuichengeta mumudziyo wakachengeteka wekuchengetera; uye/kana kuona kuti pane makemikari asara.
Iyi pfupiso yehunyanzvi inopfupikisa matanho echeni yemvura yakachengeteka kubva panobva mvura kusvika pakushandiswa. Iyi pfupiso inotanga nehurukuro pamusoro pekubata mvura zvakachengeteka mukutakura nekuchengetera, uye inoenderera mberi netsananguro yeimwe neimwe yesarudzo nomwe dzeHWTS. Tsananguro dzeHWTS dzinosanganisira ruzivo pamusoro pekushanda zvakanaka, mutengo, mashandiro uye zvinodiwa pakugadzirisa, uye mabhenefiti nezvikanganiso zvesarudzo imwe neimwe. Zvakaitika muchirongwa mumamiriro ekunze zvinoratidzwa mumabhokisi muchinyorwa chose.
Sarudzo nomwe dzeHWTS dzichatsanangurwa muchidimbu chino. Nzira mbiri dzekutanga inzira dzechivanhu dzekurapa mvura. Kunyangwe pasina imwe yakaratidzwa kuti inoderedza zvirwere zvemanyoka kune vanoshandisa munyika dziri kusimukira, dzose dzinogona kushanda mukuderedza kusvibiswa kwehutachiona mumvura (Clasen, 2008; Kotlarz, Submitted).
- Kubikira
- Nzira dzekusefa nechisikigo uye dzekugadzira flocculation (kusefa, kusefa machira, kusefa jecha, mbeu dzemoringa, alum)
Sarudzo shanu dzinotevera dzeHWTS dzichakurukurwa dzakakurudzirwa zvakanyanya uye dzakaratidzwa kuti dzinoderedza zvirwere zvemanyoka muvashandisi munyika dziri kusimukira (Lantagne, 2006; Sobsey, 2008):
- Masacheti ekubvisa utachiona/kubuda mumasero (kusanganisira PuR® neWaterMaker®)
- Kusefa kweceramic (kusanganisira mafirita emupoto nekenduru)
- Kusefa kwesand rebio
- Kuchenesa ganda nemagetsi pazuva (SODIS)
- Kuisa chlorine (kusanganisira mapiritsi kana mvura)
Zvinodiwa kuti chirongwa cheHWTS chibudirire zvakatsanangurwa muBhokisi 1.
Sarudzo yakasarudzwa ndeiyi:
- Inoshanda pa:
- kubvisa zvirwere zvinotapukira zvinopararira mumvura
- kuchengetedza mvura yakanatswa zvakachengeteka muchirongo chinogona kucheneswa
- kuderedza kuwanda kwezvirwere zvemanyoka
- Zvakakodzera mamiriro enzvimbo uye kunaka kwemvura
- Zvinogamuchirwa nemushandisi nevatengi
Chirongwa ichi chinosanganisira:
- Kudzidziswa pakushandisa nekugadzirisa
- Kuongororwa kwehunhu hwemvura yemumba nguva dzose uye kushandiswa kwayo
- Kugadzwa kwezvikamu zvinotsiva
Nekufamba kwenguva, sarudzo iyi inofanira kunge isingadhuri kune vashandisi uye zvikamu zvekutsiva zvinofanira kunge zviripo munharaunda.
Pfupiso yesarudzo dzeHWTS inoratidzwa papeji rinotevera muTafura 1. Pfupiso iyi yakagadzirirwa kubatsira vashandi vemumunda kuti vaone kuti ndedzipi sarudzo (sarudzo) dzingakodzera munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Pamvura ine madhaka, nzira dzekusefa kana dzekubvisa mvura dzinogona kushandiswa vasati vagadzirisa kuti mvura ionekwe zvakanaka uye, pamwe, iwedzere kushanda zvakanaka uye kugamuchirwa kwesarudzo yeHWTS. Kufashaidza hakuna kuiswa mutafura sesarudzo inokurudzirwa nekuda kwezvikanganiso zvakatsanangurwa muchidimbu chino.
Tafura 1: Sarudzo dzekurapa mumhuri uye dzekusimudzira hutano munzvimbo dzakasiyana
| Mamiriro ezvinhu | Kupararira kwemanyoka kana kuti njodzi huru? | Kupindira kwemidziyo yemvura yemumba | Kupindira mukusimudzira hutano hweveruzhinji |
| Sisitimu yekugovera mvura iri pakati ine chlorine yasara (Mamiriro emusasa) | Aihwa | Matangi ekuunganidza nekuchengetera mvura yakachengeteka Tarisa huwandu hwechlorine | Kuunganidza nekuchengetera zvakachengeteka |
| Ehe | Tarisa huwandu hwechlorine UYE / KANA Kuisa chlorine yakawanda mumagaba ejerry / midziyo yekuchengetera zvinhu | Kuunganidza nekuchengetera zvakachengeteka Kurudziro yekushandiswa kwechlorine | |
| Mvura <5NTU inobva mumapombi kana panzvimbo yakachengetedzwa asi isina chlorine yasara(Mashoko akawanda) | Aihwa | Matangi ekuunganidza nekuchengetera mvura yakachengeteka | Kuunganidza nekuchengetera zvakachengeteka |
| Ehe | Nguva pfupi: Kuisa chlorine mumvura yemumba (nemapiritsi kana mvura) Kana nzvimbo yekuchengetera misasa: Kuisa chlorine yakawanda mumidziyo yekuchengetera zvinhu/midziyo yekuchengetera zvinhu | Kudzidzisa nekushandisa chlorine | |
| Nguva yakareba (sarudza imwe ye): Sodi (kana iri mumusha kana mumusasa une denga resimbi rine marata uye zuva) KANA Mafirita ehari dzeceramic (kana zvichiripo munyika) KANA Mafirita emakenduru eCeramic (kana zvimwe zvikamu zviripo munharaunda) KANA Mafirita eBiosand + midziyo yekuchengetedza nekuchengetera zvinhu yakachengeteka UYE Kana mamiriro emusasa, Kuisa chlorine yakawanda nguva nenguva mumidziyo yekuchengetera jerry can / midziyo yekuchengetera zvinhu | Kudzidziswa kweO&M + Kuunganidzwa nekuchengetwa kwakachengeteka (kunyanya Biosand) Kurudziro yekushandiswa kwechlorine | ||
| >5NTU mvurakubva pamapombi kana panzvimbo yakachengetedzwa asi pasina chlorine yasara(Mashoko akawanda) | Aihwa | Nguva pfupi:Matangi ekuunganidza nekuchengetera mvura yakachengeteka Uye / KANA Ongorora zvinhu zvinobatanidza mafungu nezvinobatanidza mafungu zvinowanikwa munharaunda semuenzaniso alum, zvinhu zvinobatanidza mafungu zvechisikigo | Kuunganidzwa kwemvura yakachengeteka uye kuchengetwa kwayo Kushandisa nemazvo uye kurasa zvakachengeteka coagulant |
| Nguva yakareba (sarudza imwe ye):Mafirita emapoto eceramic (kana aripo munyika) KANA Mafirita emakenduru eCeramic (kana zvimwe zvikamu zviripo munharaunda) KANA Mafirita eBiosand + Matangi ekuunganidza nekuchengetera mvura yakachengeteka | Kudzidziswa kweO&M + Kuunganidzwa nekuchengetwa kwakachengeteka (kunyanya Biosand) | ||
| Ehe | Nguva pfupi:Kana zviripo: Masacheti ePUR® / WaterMaker Kana zvisiri: Kuisa marara (nekuisa zvirongo zvekuchengetera mvura kana zvichidikanwa) + kuisirwa kwemvura mumba (nemapiritsi kana mvura) | Kushandisa nemazvo uye kurasa zvakachengeteka coagulant + kunzwa kuravira Kudzidzisa nekudzidzisa nzira dzekugadzira dhaka + kushandisa chlorine | |
| Nguva yakareba (sarudza imwe ye): Mahari eCeramic (kana aripo mumabasa ekumaruwa) KANA Mafirita emakenduru eCeramic (kana zvimwe zvikamu zviripo munharaunda) KANA Mafirita eBiosand + Matangi ekuunganidza nekuchengetera mvura yakachengeteka UYE Kana mamiriro emusasa, Kuisa chlorine yakawanda nguva nenguva mumidziyo yekuchengetera jerry can / midziyo yekuchengetera zvinhu | Kudzidziswa kweO&M + Kuunganidzwa nekuchengetwa kwakachengeteka (kunyanya Biosand) Kurudziro yekushandiswa kwechlorine |
Kubata Mvura Yakachengeteka: Kutakurwa Uye Kuchengetwa
Kubata mvura yakachengeteka kunogona kudzivirira kusvibiswa kunoitika pakati penzvimbo inonwiwa nemvura. Mvura inogona kusvibiswa patsime payo, uye/kana kusvibiswa zvakanyanya kana ikasangana nemidziyo isina kuchena, maoko asina kuchena, kana kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza panguva yekufambisa nekuchengetedza. Kusvibiswa mukutakura nekuchengetedza kunogona kudzivirirwa kuburikidza nekushandisa midziyo yakachengeteka, tsika dzehutsanana, uye kurapwa kwemvura. Sezvo hurukuro yezvirongwa zvekuchengetedza kuchengetedzeka kwemvura isiri mugwaro iri, chikamu chekutanga chechinyorwa chino chichatsanangura nzira dzekuchengetedza midziyo yakachengeteka uye nzira dzehutsanana dzekudzivirira kusvibiswa. Zvikamu zvinotevera zvichatsanangura nzira dzakasiyana dzeHWTS dzekurapa mvura.
Nzira huru dzekuchengetedza mudziyo uye nzira dzekuchengetedza hutsanana dzekudzivirira kusvibiswa ndeidzi:
- Kushandisa midziyo yekutakura nekuchengetera mvura yakachengeteka;
- midziyo yekufambisa neyokuchengetera zvinhu inocheneswa nguva dzose;
- Kusabata mvura nemaoko asina kuchena; uye,
- Kushandisa makapu akachena ekunwira.
Matangi ekutakura nekuchengetera mvura yakachengeteka
Matangi anoshandiswa kutakura nekuchengetedza mvura munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzepasi rose anotangira pahari dzechinyakare kana madhishi akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvechisikigo zvakaita semagourds kana ivhu, kusvika kumidziyo yesimbi yakagadzirwa nesimbi, mhangura kana aruminiyamu, kusvika, zvakanyanya, magaba epurasitiki akadzokororwa kana mabhaketi matsva epurasitiki. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, matangi akasiyana anonyanya kufarirwa kutakura nekuchengetera, akadai semidziyo yepurasitiki iri nyore kutakura, yakareruka yekutakura ichiteverwa nemudziyo weceramic unotonhodza mvura kuti ichengetwe padanho remhuri. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, mudziyo mumwe chete unoshandiswa kutakura nekuchengetera.
Kushandisa midziyo yekutakura neyekuchengetera zvinhu ine zvinodiwa zvinotevera kunobatsira kuderedza kusvibiswa:
- Kaburi kadiki kana chivharo chinodzivisa vashandisi kuisa zvinhu zvinogona kusvibiswa zvakaita semaoko, makapu, kana madhishi mumvura yakachengetwa;
- Kaburi kadiki kana kuti muromo mudiki kuti mvura isvike nyore uye zvakachengeteka pasina kuisa maoko kana zvinhu mumudziyo;
- Mirayiridzo yakabatanidzwa zvachose yekuchenesa mvura nekuchenesa mudziyo; uye,
- Kugara kwenguva refu uye kugamuchirwa nemushandisi pakuchengetera nekutakura mvura.
Mumamiriro enjodzi, midziyo yekuchengetera mvura inodiwa nekukasika. Sekureva kweSphere Standards (SPHERE, 2004), Oxfam inokurudzira kuti "mhuri yega yega ive nemidziyo miviri yekuchengetera mvura yakachena ine marita 10-20, pamwe nemidziyo yekuchengetera mvura yakachena yakakwana kuitira kuti imba ive nemvura nguva dzose." Kuti uone midziyo yekuchengetera mvura yakakodzera, tanga waona midziyo iri kushandiswa parizvino, uye ona kana midziyo yacho yakachengeteka, kana kuti inogona kuchinjwa kuti ive midziyo yekuchengetera mvura yakachengeteka. Zvakanaka kuti mhuri dzive nemidziyo yakasiyana yekuchengetera mvura yepamusoro (yekunwa, yekubika) uye yemumba (yekuwacha, yekuchenesa, uye yehutsanana) kuderedza kusvibiswa kunogona kuitika. Kana midziyo ine chivharo yakavharwa, hapana, kuedza kunofanira kuitwa kudzidzisa vashandisi kuwana mvura nekudurura kubva mumudziyo pane kunyudza mumudziyo une chinhu chinogona kusvibiswa.
Kushandiswa kwemabhaketi akagadziriswa chete kwakaratidzwa kuderedza zvirwere zvemanyoka uye kuvandudza kunaka kwemvura. "Kuongororwa kwemasampuli emvura kwakaratidza kuti paive nekudzikira kwe69% muhuwandu hwemanyoka mumvura yemumba uye kuderera kwe31% kwechirwere chemanyoka (P = 0.06) muvana vari pasi pemakore mashanu pakati peboka raishandisa bhaketi rakagadziriswa. Mamodheru ekudzoka kwemvura akaongorora manyoka pakati pevana vari pasi pemakore mashanu ekuberekwa akasimbisa kudzivirira kwebhaketi uye akawana kuti tsvina inoonekwa muchimbuzi chemhuri uye kuvapo kwemhuka kwakabatana zvakanyanya nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemanyoka muvana.
Kunyangwe Oxfam ichitsigira kushandiswa kwematangi ekutakura nekuchengetera zvinhu anowanikwa munharaunda, zvinozivikanwa kuti haasi ese matangi emuno akakwana. Saka, mumakore apfuura Oxfam yakagadzira uye yakaedza Oxfam Bucket kuti ive mudziyo wemvura wakachengeteka unoshanda uye unopinzwa munyika (Bhokisi 2). Dhizaini iyi ikozvino inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nemasangano mazhinji mukupindura nekukurumidza.
Bucket reOxfam rakagadzirwa kuti rishandiswe mumamiriro ezvinhu enjodzi, uye rine hunhu hunotevera:
- Chivharo chacho chakanyatsokwana uye chakavharirwa kuti chisabatane neruoko panguva yekuchitora nekutakura. Chivharo chacho chinonamirwa pachivharo kudzivirira kurasikirwa. Chivharo chacho chinogona kubviswa kuti chicheneswe.
- Pombi yacho yakavharwa zvine hutsanana ne push-tap.
- Madziro paanosangana nehwaro, bhaketi rinokombama kuti rikwanise kucheneswa.
- Bhaketi rinogona kuunganidzwa, nepallet imwe chete ine mabhaketi mazana maviri.
- Bhaketi rakagadzirwa nepurasitiki yakasimba isingapindi UV, uye zviri nyore uye zvakachengeteka kutakura mumusoro.
Kune mhando mbiri dzeOxfam Bucket dziripo muOxfam logistics catalog: (1) bhaketi remarita 14 risina pombi yekuunganidza nekutakura mvura (Code TWCT/2); uye, (2) bhaketi remarita 14 rine pombi yekubudisira mvura zvakachengeteka uye yekushandisa senzvimbo yekugeza maoko (Code TWCT/1).
Kuchengetedza midziyo yekuchengetera mvura yakachena
Nzira yechipiri yekudzivirira kusvibiswa pakati penzvimbo inoshandiswa neinodyiwa ndeyekuchenesa midziyo yekutakura nekuchengetera zvinhu nguva dzose - kungava kamwe chete pasvondo kana pese painoonekwa seyakasviba. Matanho ekuchenesa ndeaya:
- Dururirai mudziyo.
- Kwesha mukati memudziyo uchishandisa mushonga wekukwesha (mutsvairo wakapfava, jira rekuchenesa, matombo madiki) uye mushonga wekuchenesa (mushonga wemvura ine chlorine kana sipo nemvura). Chenesa kunze kwemudziyo nejira nesipo kana chlorine, uchinyatsotarisa nzvimbo yakatenderedza maburi ekuzadza nekuburitsa mvura.
- Sukurudza mudziyo nemvura yakachena yekunwa kuti ubvise zvasara zvemushonga wekuchenesa.
Pamusoro pekucheneswa nguva dzose, mumisasa kana munzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda, Oxfam inokurudzira kuti midziyo yese ifukidzwe ne super chlorine nguva nenguva, muenzaniso wacho unoratidzwa muBhokisi 3.
Muna Chikumi 2004, kupararira kwechirwere cheshigellosis kwakasimbiswa mumusasa weAbou Shouk mudunhu reNorthern Darfur kuSudan. Sezvo kuyedzwa kwemvura panzvimbo iyi kusina kuratidza kusvibiswa, zvakafungidzirwa kuti kusvibiswa kwacho kwaiitika mushure mekutorwa kwemvura. Sarudzo yakaitwa yekutanga chirongwa chekubvisa utachiona mumidziyo yese yemvura kuitira kuputsa kusvibiswa.
Mushonga wechlorine we5 muzana wakashandiswa kuchenesa midziyo. Mamiriyoni angangoita 100–150 akawedzerwa mumudziyo wega wega, pamwe chete nematombo madiki. Mudziyo wacho waizununguswa nesimba kana wakavharwa kana kukweshwa nemutsvairo wehuswa kana wakavhurika.
Nhamba dzemanyoka kubva kumakiriniki dzakaratidza kudzikira kwehuwandu hwevanhu vakabatwa nechirwere mushure mekurwisa hutachiona; kunyangwe zvakaoma kuunganidza data rakasimba, zvinoita sekunge chirongwa ichi chakakanganisa kuwanda kwemanyoka ane mvura uye ane ropa.
Kudzivirira kubata mvura nemaoko asina kuchena uye kushandisa makapu akachena pakunwa
Nzira mbiri dzasara dzekudzivirira kusvibiswa pakati penzvimbo inoshandiswa nepainonwiwa dzose dzine chekuita netsika dzehutsanana mumba. Mikana yekusvibiswa ichaderera kana maoko akacheneswa asati abatwa nemvura uye kana makapu kana makapu anoshandiswa pakunwa akachena.
pfupiso
Kushandisa midziyo yekutakura nemvura yakachengeteka, kuchenesa midziyo yekutakura nemvura yakachengeteka nguva dzose, kudzivirira mvura kuti isabatane nemaoko asina kuchena, uye kushandisa makapu akachena pakunwa zvese izvi zvinogona kuderedza mukana wekusvibiswa pakati penzvimbo inonwiwa nepainonwiwa. Kana mvura yakawanikwa ichizivikanwa kuti yakachengeteka, mvura inogona kuchengetedzwa kuti isasvibiswezve nekukurudzira matanho aya ekubata mvura yakachengeteka, uye, kana zvichidikanwa, kupa midziyo yekuchengeta mvura yakachengeteka.
Kubata Mvura Yakachengeteka: Kurapa Mvura Yemumba uye Kuchengeta Mvura Yakachengeteka (HWTS)
Kana mvura inobva mumvura isingavimbiswe kana mamiriro ekutakurwa nekuchengetwa asina hutsanana, mvura inofanira kugadziriswa pamba isati yashandiswa. Pakusarudza kuti ndeipi HWTS sarudzo yekusarudza mumamiriro ezvinhu auri kushanda nawo, pane mibvunzo mina mikuru yekufunga nezvayo:
- Ndezvipi zvingasarudzwa zviripo?
- Ndezvipi zvingasarudzwa zvinogamuchirwa nevashandisi?
- Njodzi yemanyoka yakakomba zvakadini munzvimbo inopindwa chirwere?
- Ndezvipi zvingasarudzwa zvakakodzera pamhando yemvura munzvimbo yekupindira?
Mibvunzo 1, 2, ne3 inongopindurwa munharaunda chete uye nhungamiro dzakajairika hadzigone kupihwa. Zvisinei, zvinokwanisika kugadzira nhungamiro dzakajairika dzesarudzo dzakakodzera hunhu hwemvura, kunyanya zvichibva pakusviba. Sarudzo dzeHWTS dzinoshanda pamhando nhatu dzekusviba dzakaratidzwa muTafura 2 yebhuruu.
| Kubikira | Upfu hweFlocculant / hupfu hwekuuraya utachiona | Kusefa kwechisikigo / kupfapfaidza + kuuraya utachiona | Mhinduro yechlorine | SODIS | Kusefa kweCeramic / Biosand | |
| Mvura ine madhaka akawanda (>100 NTU) | Bhuruu | Bhuruu | Bhuruu | |||
| Mvura ine madhaka (5-10 kusvika 100 NTU) | Bhuruu | Bhuruu | Bhuruu | Dosi mbiri | Bhuruu | Bhuruu |
| Mvura ine matope mashoma (<5-10 NTU) | Bhuruu | Bhuruu | Dosi imwe chete | Bhuruu | Bhuruu |
Arsenic nefluoride zvinhu zviviri zvinonetsa pamusoro pehunhu hwemvura munzvimbo zhinji dzepasi. Sarudzo dzeHWTS chete dzinobvisa arsenic ihupfu hweflocculant/disinfectant uye disinfection yezuva nekuwedzera muto weremoni. Shanduro yakagadziriswa yeBiosand Filters, inonzi Kanchan Filter, yakaratidza tarisiro yekubvisa arsenic mune dzimwe nzvimbo, asi kwete mune dzimwe. Fluoride inotonyanya kuoma kubvisa kupfuura arsenic, uye hapana imwe yesarudzo dziri pamusoro apa inobvisa fluoride zvinobudirira. Mvura inogona kuseferwa kuburikidza nemapfupa padanho remhuri kubvisa fluoride, kunyangwe zvichikurudzirwa kuti, kana zvichibvira, pawanikwe imwe nzira yemvura pane kuyedza kurapa fluoride padanho remhuri.
Sarudzo yakakodzera yeHWTS inogona kusarudzwa munzvimbo yauri kushanda nekuenzanisa sarudzo dzinoshanda dzemhando yemvura nesarudzo dzinogamuchirwa uye dziripo munzvimbo yacho. Mvura yese yakanatswa nesarudzo yeHWTS inofanira kudzivirirwa kubva pakusvibiswa ne: kutora mvura zvakananga kubva muchikamu chekurapa; kuichengeta mumudziyo wakachengeteka wekuchengetera; uye/kana kuve nechokwadi chekuti pane zvasara zvemakemikari. Kupindira kwemhando yemvura kunofanirwa kugara kuri kupindira kwakazara kunotarisa pakugadzira nzvimbo inogonesa kuita hutsanana hwakachengeteka.
Muchikamu chinotevera, ruzivo nezvekushanda zvakanaka, mutengo, mashandiro uye zvinodiwa pakugadzirisa, pamwe nemabhenefiti uye zvipingamupinyi zvesarudzo yega yega yeHWTS zvinoratidzwa. Ruzivo rwakawanda rwunoratidzwa pane imwe neimwe sarudzo yeHWTS rwunotorwa zvakananga kubva pamapepa eCDC/USAID paHWTS, ayo anogona kuwanikwa pa www.ehproject.org/ehkm/pou_bib2.html (EHP, 2008). Ruzivo nesarudzo dzeHWTS kubva kumapurogiramu epanguva dzenjodzi rwunoratidzwa mumabhokisi muchinyorwa chose.
Sarudzo 1 yeHWTS: Kufashaira
Kubika inzira yekare yekurapa mvura uye parizvino itsika yakajairika mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi rose. Kwemakore akawanda masangano mazhinji ave achikurudzira zvikuru kubika. Zvisinei, kubika kune zvipingamupinyi zvakakomba, zvinosanganisira mari, kushandiswa kwemafuta, uye kubatana nehuwandu hwakanyanya hwetsaona dzekutsva uye hutachiona hwekufema, kunyanya pakati pevana vadiki. Nekuda kwezvikonzero izvi, maonero aOxfam ndeekuti kubika hakukurudzirwi sesarudzo yakanakisa yeHWTS. Zvisinei, munzvimbo dzinobikwa zvakanyanya (sekune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeAsia), uye dzimwe sarudzo dzeHWTS dzakaganhurirwa, kubika kunogona kukurudzirwa. Kukurudzira kubika kunofanirwa kutarisa pakukurudzira kushandiswa kwakakodzera (miniti imwe yekubikwa nguva dzose), kuchengetwa kwakachengeteka kwemvura yakabikwa, uye kudzidzira kubika zvakachengeteka sezvinobvira.
zvinobudirira
Kufashaira zvakanaka kunogona kushaisa simba mabhakitiriya ese, mavhairasi, uye mapurotozoa anokonzera chirwere chemanyoka (Clasen, 2008). Zvisinei, zvidzidzo munyika dzichiri kusimukira zvakaratidza kusashanda kwakakwana kwemabhakitiriya mumvura yakabikwa (Gupta, 2007). Kusiyana uku pakati pemigumisiro yerabhoritari neyemunda kunokonzerwa nevashandisi vasingadziyise mvura kusvika pakufashaira uye/kana kudzoreredza mvura yakabikwa iri mudura. Kusvika pari zvino, hapana zvidzidzo zvakaongororwa nevezera ravo zvinoongorora kukanganisa kwehutano kunokonzerwa nemvura yakabikwa, kunyangwe zvimwe zvidzidzo zvekudzivirira kubuda kwekorera zvakaratidza kufashaira sekudzivirira kubva kukorera (CDC, data risina kuburitswa).
mutengo
Mutengo wekufashaidza unoenderana nemutengo wemafuta. Munzvimbo dzepasi rose uko mafuta ari mashoma, kufashaidza kunogona kuva tsika inodhura uye inokuvadza nharaunda, pamusoro pekupedza nguva uye kubvisa muunganidzi (kazhinji vakadzi) kubva kune mamwe mabasa anobudirira. Munzvimbo dzepasi rose dzine mafuta akanaka, kufashaidza kunogona kukwikwidzana nedzimwe sarudzo dzeHWTS. Ongororo ichangobva kuitwa yakawana kuti mutengo wekufashaidza uri pakati pe0.272-1.68 USD pamwedzi muVietnam, zvichimiririra 0.48-1.04% yemari inowanikwa nemhuri (Clasen, 2008).
Kushanda uye Kugadzirisa
Kunyange zvazvo mazano enguva yekufashaira achisiyana zvakanyanya (kubva pamaminitsi 0-20), kuti mvura ive nechokwadi chekuti yakachengeteka kushandiswa, mvura inofanira kusvika padanho rekufashaira re100 C. Saka World Health Organization inokurudzira kuti mvura ipiswe kusvika yasvika padanho rekufashaira. Mamwe masangano, akadai seCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, anokurudzira kufashaira kwenguva refu kweminiti imwe chete, kuitira kuti vashandisi vasamire kudziisa mvura isati yasvika padanho rekufashaira. Mashoko ekubikisa anofanira kutarisa panguva yakakodzera yekufashaira mvura, uye kubata nekuchengetera mvura zvakachengeteka. Zvinokurudzirwa kuti mvura ichengetwe mumudziyo wayakafashaidzwa, zviri nani mudziyo wakavharwa une chivharo, uye kuti nzira dzakachengeteka dzekufashaira uye dziviriro yemoto zvinofanira kusimbiswa.
| Advantages | Nokuremara |
| Ruzivo nemaitiro akajairika munzvimbo dzakawanda Zvakaratidzwa kuti tupukanana tunokonzera zvirwere zvinobva mumvura haruna kushanda, kunyangwe mumvura ine madhaka kana kuti yakasvibiswa. Kuvapo kwezvinhu zvese zvinodiwa pakufashaidza mvura mumba | Kushaikwa kwedziviriro yakasara kunoita kuti mvura yakabikwa ive panjodzi yekusvibiswa Hazvibvisi zvinhu zvakamiswa kana zvakanyungudutswa Mutengo wakakwira wemafuta uye/kana mukana wekutora mafuta Zvinonetsa nezvekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza Chikonzero chikuru chekutsva, kunyanya muvana Mhedzisiro yekusvibiswa kwemhepo mumba nekuda kwekubika ne biomass inobatanidzwa nekudzikira kwehuremu hwekuzvarwa, hutachiona hwekufema, kupererwa neropa, uye kusakwanisa kurara zvakanaka. Kushaikwa kwemhedzisiro yakaratidzwa pahutano Zvinogona kutaurwa nevashandisi nezvekuravira kwavo Zvinogona kuitika kuti mvura isanyatsocheneswa kana vashandisi vakasawedzera kufashaira kwemvura |
Sarudzo yeHWTS 2: Nzira dzeKusefa Nekusanganisa Mvura
Kunyangwe nzira shanu dzinotevera dzekusefa nekudzika kwemvura dzisina kuratidzwa kuti dzinoderedza kuwanda kwezvirwere zvemanyoka dzoga, dzinogona kushandiswa kurapa mvura isati yashandiswa mishonga yemumba yakabvumidzwa kubvisa zvidimbu uye kuderedza kusviba. Nzira idzi dzekurapa dzinogonawo kuwedzera kushanda kwemishonga yemumba yekuchenesa mvura nekubvisa zvinhu zvinokanganisa hutachiona uye maitiro ekusefa muviri.
Nzira iri nyore yekuchenesa mvura yakasvibira ndeyekusefa nejira rinowanikwa munharaunda. Vashandisi vanodurura mvura kubva mumudziyo wekutakura nejira vachiisa mumudziyo wekuchengetera. Zvakanakira zvesarudzo iyi zvinosanganisira nyore kwayo, kuwanikwa kwejira, uye kuti kusefa nejira resari rakasiyana-siyana kwakaratidzwa kuti kunoderedza kutapurirana kwekorera muBangladesh.
(CDC, R. Quick)
Kugadzika nekuburitsa mvura mubhodhoro inzira yekuderedza kusviba nekurega mvura ichigara kwemaawa maviri kusvika makumi maviri nemana kuitira kuti zvidimbu zvigare pasi pebhodhoro. Mvura yakachena inobva yabviswa pamusoro kuita mudziyo wechipiri. Kubatsira kwekugadzika nekuburitsa mvura mubhodhoro ndekwekuti haidi michina kunze kwemidziyo. Dambudziko rekugadzika nekuburitsa mvura mubhodhoro nderekuti panodiwa midziyo miviri kusvika mitatu, nguva inotora mvura kuti igadzikane, uye, kana midziyo yacho isina kujeka, kuoma kwekuona mhedzisiro yekugadzika. Muzvidzidzo zverabhoritari, kushandiswa kwekugadzika nekuburitsa mvura mubhodhoro kwakaderedza zvakanyanya kusviba kwemvura, uye kwakaderedzawo zvakanyanya kudiwa kwemishonga inouraya utachiona mumvura ine madhaka.
Kusefa nejecha inzira iri nyore uye inokurumidza yekurapa. Vashandisi vanodurura mvura kubva mumudziyo wekutakura nepakati pemudziyo wejecha une matombo ne spigot pasi. Mvura yacho inobva yayerera mumudziyo wekuchengetera. Mabhenefiti ekusefa jecha ndeekuti inoshanda pakubvisa mamwe mabhakitiriya, iri nyore uye inokurumidza kumushandisi, uye, kana jecha riripo munharaunda, haridhuri. Dambudziko rekusefa jecha nderekuti rinoda midziyo mitatu ne spigot. Muzvidzidzo zverabhoritari, kushandiswa kwekusefa jecha kwakaderedza zvakanyanya kusviba kwemvura, uye kwakaderedzawo zvakanyanya kudiwa kwemishonga inouraya utachiona mumvura ine matope.
Pod yemuti wemoringa ine mbeu iyo, kana yapwanywa, inova flocculant yechisikigo. Vashandisi vanotora pod voomesa, vozobvisa mbeu. Mbeu dzinobviswa maburi, dzopwanywa vachishandisa mortar nepestle, uye dzinosvika magiramu maviri embeu dzinowedzerwa mumarita makumi maviri emvura. Mvura inokurunganiswa kwemaminitsi mashanu, uye vashandisi vanorega moringa ichidzika kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana vasati vaidurura mune chimwe chirongo. Mabhenefiti emoringa ndeekuti iflocculant inoshanda. Zvakaipa zvekushandisa moringa senzira yekurapa ndeyekuti inotora nguva yakawanda uye inoda basa, huwandu hwemoringa hunosiyana pamvura dzakasiyana, uye kunaka kwemoringa kunogona kusagamuchirwa. Muzvidzidzo zverabhoritari, kushandiswa kwemoringa kwakaderedza zvakanyanya kusviba kwemvura, asiwo kwakawedzera zvakanyanya kudiwa kwemishonga inouraya utachiona mumvura ine madhaka.
Mbeu dzakachekwa nedzisina kuchekwa (CDC, D. Lantagne)
Aluminium sulfate inoshandiswa zvakanyanya se flocculant mumafekitori ekuchenesa mvura muUnited States neEurope. Inowanikwawo munyika dzichiri kusimukira, inotengeswa mumabhuroko ematombo machena akapfava, uye inowanzonzi 'alum'. Kune nzira dzakawanda dzekushandisa alum se flocculant, kusanganisira kuipwanya kuita upfu usati waiisa mumvura, kuikurunga, uye kuidururira; kana, kukwiza dombo rese mumvura kwemasekonzi mashoma uye kumirira kuti zvinhu zvakasimba zvigadzikane. Mabhenefiti ealum ndeekuti inowanikwa zvakanyanya, yakaratidzwa kuti inoderedza kusviba, uye haina mutengo wakaderera. Zvikanganiso zvealum ndezvekuti muyero unodiwa unosiyana zvisingatarisirwi, uye kudarika kunotungamira kune kuravira kwemunyu, kusinganakidze. Muzvidzidzo zverabhoritari, kushandiswa kwealum kwakaderedza zvakanyanya kusviba kwemvura, uye kwakaderedzawo zvakanyanya kudiwa kwehutachiona hwemvura ine madhaka.
(CDC, D. Lantagne)
Kushanda uye Kugadzirisa
Zvinodiwa pakushandisa nzira dzekusefa nekugadzira zvinhu zvechisikigo hazvinyanyi kukosha. Nzira idzi dzose dzinofanira kungwarira kuti zvinhu zvakasimba zvibviswe uye midziyo yacho icheneswe nguva nenguva.
Zvakanakira uye Zvisingakwanisi
| Advantages | Nokuremara |
| Nzira dziri nyore uye dzakachipa Kuderedza kusviba kwemvura pakurapa kunotevera Dzimwe sarudzo dzinoderedza kudiwa kwemishonga inouraya utachiona pakurapwa kunotevera Mvura yakachena inowanzo gamuchirwa nemushandisi | Hazvigadzire mvura isina njodzi kuhutachiona hwehutachiona Matangi akawanda anodiwa Dzimwe sarudzo dzinowedzera kudiwa kwemishonga inouraya utachiona Maitiro acho anogona kutora nguva yakawanda uye anotora basa rakawanda |
Sarudzo yeHWTS 3: Masacheti ekubvisa utachiona/kuuraya utachiona
Masacheti eflocculant/disinfectant akabatanidzwa (akadai sePuR® neWaterMaker®) ane hupfu hweferric kana aluminium sulfate (flocculant) uye calcium hypochlorite (mushonga wekuuraya utachiona). Akagadzirwa kuti agadzire fekitari yekurapa mvura, achibatanidza nzira dzakawanda dzekubvisa zvidimbu uye kuuraya utachiona. PuR® inogadzirwa neProcter & Gamble Company uye yakagoverwa mahara munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenjodzi. Masacheti eflocculant/disinfectant anowanikwa muOxfam equipment catalog (Code FCF/1).
zvinobudirira
PuR® yakaratidzwa kuti inobvisa huwandu hwakawanda hwemabhakitiriya, mavhairasi, uye mapurotozoa anokonzera zvirwere zvinobva mumvura, kunyangwe mumvura dzine madhaka akawanda (Souter, 2003; Crump, 2004). PuR® yakaratidzwawo kuti inoderedza chirwere chemanyoka kubva pa16 kusvika pa90% muzvidzidzo zvishanu zvehutano zvakarongwa (Clasen, 2007). Pamusoro pezvo, PuR® inobvisa huwandu hwakawanda hwesimbi dzinorema, dzakadai searsenic, uye makemikari anosvibisa, akadai semimwe mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, mumvura (Souter, 2003). Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kushanda kwePuR® zvakaitwa murabhoritari nemunyika dziri kusimukira, mumaruwa nemumaguta nemumisasa yevapoteri, uye zvinosanganisira vakuru nevana varombo uye/kana vanoshandisa mvura ine madhaka akawanda.
(Procter & Gamble)
Kushanda uye Kugadzirisa
Kuti mvura icheneswe nePuR®, vashandisi vanovhura sachet, voisa zviri mukati mubhaketi rakavhurika rine marita gumi emvura, vokurunga kwemaminitsi mashanu, vorega zvinhu zvakasimba zvigadzikane pasi pebhaketi, vosvina mvura nejira redonje voisa mumudziyo wechipiri, vomirira kwemaminitsi makumi maviri kuti hypochlorite imise tupukanana. Chlorine yasara inodzivirira mvura yakanatswa kubva mukusvibiswa. Sezvo upfu hweflocculant/disinfectant huchishandiswa, cheni yekugovera ichafanira kugadzirwa kuti ipe tupukanana twakakwana kune vashandisi. Pamusoro pezvo, zvakasara (floc) zvinofanirwa kuraswa zvakachengeteka (zvichida kuvigwa), izvo zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko munzvimbo dzine mafashamo.
(P&G, G. Allgood)
mutengo
Masacheti ePuR® anogadzirwa pakati penyika muPakistan, uye anotengeswa kumaNGOs nemutengo we3.5 US cents pasacheti imwe neimwe. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti sacheti imwe neimwe inodhura US cents gumi panguva yainosvika kumushandisi, mutengo wekurapa we100 USD pa10,000L yemvura yakanatswa.
Zvakanakira uye Zvisingakwanisi
| Advantages | Nokuremara |
| Zvakaratidzwa kuti kuderedzwa kwehutachiona, mavhairasi, uye protozoa mumvura Kubviswa kwesimbi dzinorema nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene Dziviriro yakasara kubva pakusvibiswa Zvakaratidzwa kuti zvine simba pahutano Zvinogamuchirwa nevashandisi nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwekuona mumvura Masacheti anotakurwa zviri nyore nekuda kwehukuru hwawo hudiki, hupenyu hwawo hurefu, uye kuiswa muzvikamu sezvinhu zvisina njodzi zvinotumirwa nendege. Kugadzirwa kwemishonga inouraya utachiona kushoma nekuti zvinhu zvakasikwa zvinobviswa mushonga usati wabviswa (Lantagne, 2008) | Matanho akawanda anodiwa kuti chigadzirwa chishandiswe, izvo zvinoda kuratidzwa kwekudzidzisa vashandisi vatsva Kudiwa kwekuti vashandisi vave nemabhaketi maviri, jira rimwe chete, uye mudziyo wekukurunga Mutengo wepamusoro pa litre yemvura yakanatswa uchienzaniswa nedzimwe nzira dzekurapa mvura dzemumba Kusawirirana neruvara/kuravira Zvasara zvakaoma kurasa munzvimbo dzakakanganiswa nemafashamo |
PuR® ndiyo sarudzo yeHWTS inonyanya kuongororwa zvakanyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu ekukurumidzira. Procter & Gamble vakashanda kuti PuR® ive sarudzo yakakodzera uye inoshanda mumamiriro ezvinhu ekukurumidzira kwenguva refu uye anokurumidza. Kushanda kwePuR® mukuderedza kuwanda kwezvirwere zvemanyoka mumamiriro ezvinhu evapoteri uye kugamuchirwa kwePuR® mumamiriro ekukurumidzira kwakasimbiswa mumabhuku akaongororwa nevezera ravo. Kunewo maitiro ekushanda akajairika ekushandisa mapurogiramu ekukurumidzira nePuR®.
MuMonrovia, kuLiberia, chidzidzo chevhiki gumi nemaviri chekushandisa PuR® pakati pemhuri mazana mana chakaitwa mumisasa yevanhu vakabviswa mudzimba dzavo vaine manyoka akaipisisa munguva yemvura. Mhuri yega yega yakapihwa masacheti makumi maviri nerimwe ePuR® pavhiki, kudzidziswa kwekutanga kwemunhu mumwe nemumwe, uye kushanya kwevhiki nevhiki kwemavhiki gumi nemaviri. Kushandisa PuR® kwaive kwakanyanya, ne95% yemiedzo yechlorine yakasara yakaongororwa padanho remhuri. Kushandisa PuR® uye kuchengetwa kwakagadziridzwa kwakabatana nekudzikira kwehuwandu hwezvirwere zvemanyoka ne90% uye kuwanda kwe83%, zvichienzaniswa nedzimba dzekudzivirira dzine kuchengetwa kwemvura kwakagadziridzwa chete.
Kuongororwa kweruzivo, mafungiro, maitiro, uye hunhu hwemvura yekunwa kwakaitwa pakati pevagamuchiri vePuR® 100 mavhiki mana kusvika matanhatu mushure mekunge vatungamiriri vemunharaunda vagovera PuR® mahara kuvanhu vakabatwa neTropical Storm Jeanne muHaiti munaGunyana 2004. Kuongororwa kwehunhu hwemvura panzvimbo inobuda mvura uye mudzimba kwakapedzwawo. Mhedzisiro yeongororo yakawana kuti 78% yevakapindura vakapindura mibvunzo mishanu nemazvo nezve mashandisirwo ePuR®, 81% vakataura kuti PuR® iri nyore kushandisa, uye 97% vakataura kuti mvura yakarapwa yePuR® inotaridzika, inonaka, uye inonhuhwirira zviri nani pane mvura isina kurapwa. Zvisinei, 22% chete vakataura kuti vachishandisa PuR® zuva iroro, uye 9% chete ndivo vaiva nemazinga akakodzera echlorine panguva yekuedzwa. Pasinei nekugamuchirwa kwakanyanya kwakataurwa muongororo, zvinhu zvinotevera zvaive zvine chekuita ne: kushandiswa kwakaderera; chokwadi chekuti kuda kubhadhara chigadzirwa mune ramangwana kwaive kwakaderera zvakanyanya pane mutengo wekushambadzira kwevanhu muHaiti; uye, maNGO ekubatsira vanhu vane dambudziko rekukurumidzira muHaiti aisada kugovera chigadzirwa munguva yekukurumidzira nekuda kwezvinodiwa zvinokwikwidzana, kusaziva chigadzirwa, uye kushaya kudzidziswa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zviuru zvemasachet hazvina kubuda mudura kwemavhiki akati wandei mushure mekufashama, kusvika sangano risiri reNGO Population Services International ratanga chirongwa ichi nevatungamiriri vemunharaunda vachigovera masachet acho.
Ongororo dzakazotevera dzechirongwa chekushandisa PuR® munguva dzenjodzi - neCARE muHaiti mafashamo nemapurojekiti ezvekudya kuEthiopia, neSamaritan's Purse mumisasa yeIDP muUganda, uye neUNICEF mukupindura mafashamo muBangladesh - dzakaona zvinhu zvinotevera zvakakosha kuti chirongwa ichi chibudirire:
- Kuwanikwa kwemidziyo yese inodiwa yekushandisa PuR®, kusanganisira midziyo yakasimba uye zvinokurunga;
- Kudiwa kukuru kwekudzidziswa kwekutanga uye kwekutevera kuti vanhu vadzidziswe kushandisa chigadzirwa nemazvo, kupindura mibvunzo, uye kugadzirisa zvinovanetsa; uye,
- Kudiwa kwekushandisa PuR® mumatambudziko "akagadzikana", uko vashandi vanogona kutarisa pakudzidziswa kunodiwa.
Maitiro ekushanda (SOP) ekugovera PuR® mumamiriro ezvinhu ekukurumidzira anoratidza zvipingamupinyi zvikuru zvishanu zvinotevera zvinofanira kugadziriswa nokungwarira kuti chirongwa chibudirire:
- Kusaziva chigadzirwa ichi uye mashandisirwo acho, zvichikonzera kusanzwisisana kwezvinodiwa zvevashandi nenguva, pamwe nematambudziko ekufambisa zvinhu;
- Kunhuhwirira kwechlorine uye kuravira;
- Kuchinja kweruvara panguva yekurapwa;
- Kushaikwa kwemabhaketi nemachira zviripo; uye,
- Kugamuchirwa nevakuru vehurumende nevatungamiriri venharaunda.
SOP inotsanangura kuti tingakunda sei zvipingamupinyi izvi uye inopedzisa ichiti: “ruzivo rwePUR mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana ekubatsira panguva yekukurumidzira rwakaratidza kuti nekugadzirisa zvipingamupinyi izvi nechikwata chevarairidzi, mapoka ekubatsira panguva yekukurumidzira anogona kubudirira kugovera PUR.
Sarudzo yeHWTS 4: Kusefa kweCeramic
Mafirita eceramic akagadzirwa munharaunda agara achishandiswa pasi rese kuchenesa mvura yemumba. Nhasi, mafirita akawanda eceramic akagadzirwa munharaunda uye ekutengeserana eHWTS anowanikwa zvakanyanya munyika dzakabudirira nedzichiri kusimukira. Imwe firita yemakenduru ekutengeserana, Stefani filter, iri muOxfam equipment catalog, se: (1) seti yakazara ine bhaketi, makenduru maviri, pombi, uye bepa remifananidzo (Code FHF/1); kana, (2) seti yekana mudziyo wemuno uripo, kusanganisira makenduru matatu chete nepombi (Code FHFCT/1).
zvinobudirira
Kushanda kwemafirita eceramic pakubvisa mabhakitiriya, mavhairasi, uye protozoa kunoenderana nekunaka kwefirita yeceramic. Mafirita mazhinji eceramic anoshanda pakubvisa zvipembenene zvikuru zveprotozoal nemabhakitiriya, asi kwete pakubvisa zvipembenene zvidiki zvevirusi (Lantagne, 2001). Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kubviswa kwehutachiona hwebhakitiriya mumvura yakaseferwa kuburikidza nemafirita eceramic emhando yepamusoro anogadzirwa munharaunda uye anounzwa kunze kwenyika munyika dziri kusimukira (Clasen, 2004). Kuderera kwe60-70% muhuwandu hwezvirwere zvemanyoka kwakanyorwa muvashandisi vefirita idzi (Clasen, 2007). Zvidzidzo zvakaratidzawo kusvibiswa kwakakosha kwebhakitiriya kana mafirita akagadzirwa munharaunda asina kunaka akashandiswa, kana kuti mudziyo wacho wakasvibiswa padanho remhuri (Lantagne, 2001). Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwedziviriro yakasara, zvakakosha kuti vashandisi vadzidziswe kutarisira nekuchengetedza firita yeceramic nemudziyo.
mari
Chigadziko chesefa chekenduru chinowanzo dhura madhora gumi nemashanu ($15). Chigadziko chimwe nechimwe chinobata mari inosvika 20,000L, chinodhura 7.50 USD pa10,000L yemvura yakanatswa. Mari yechikamu chemasefa eceramic akagadzirwa munharaunda ino inotangira pamadhora manomwe nemakumi mashanu kusvika makumi matatu ($7.50-30 USD) zvichienderana nenyika yaanogadzira.
Kushanda uye Kugadzirisa
Kuti mushandise mafirita eceramic, mhuri dzinozadza mudziyo wepamusoro kana firita yeceramic pachayo nemvura, iyo inoyerera nepafirita yeceramic kana mafirita ichipinda mumudziyo wekuchengetera. Zvinosvibisa zvinobatwa nemashini mumaburi ari muceramic kana kubviswa nesirivha yakanyudzwa muceramic. Mvura yakanatswa inobva yasvika kuburikidza nespigot yakaiswa mukati memudziyo wekuchengetera mvura. Nekufamba kwenguva firita inogona kuvharwa nemarara, izvo zvinovhara maburi ari muceramic uye zvinoita kuti mwero wekuyerera uderere kubva pachiyero chakanaka chemarita 1-3 paawa. Makenduru eceramic anogona kucheneswa nekukwesha pamusoro zvinyoro nyoro uchishandisa bhurasho rakapfava, wozosukurudza nemvura. Mudziyo unofanira kucheneswa uchishandisa mvura yakaseferwa kana yakacheneswa.
Zvakanakira uye Zvisingakwanisi
| Advantages | Nokuremara |
| Zvakaratidzwa kuti hutachiona hwemabhakitiriya nemaprotozoa mumvura hunoderedza Kugamuchirwa nevashandisi nekuda kwekureruka kwekushandisa Kuderera kwakaratidzwa kwehuwandu hwezvirwere zvemanyoka muvashandi Hupenyu hurefu kana sefa yacho ikaramba isina kupwanyika Mutengo wakaderera wenguva imwe chete Inoonekwa sechinhu chinokosha nevashandisi Mafirita emhando yehari anogona kugadzirwa munharaunda uye anotsigira hunyanzvi hwemuno pamwe neketani yezvigadzirwa | Kushanda zvishoma pakurwisa mavhairasi Kushaikwa kwedziviriro yakasara kunogona kukonzera tsvina kana mvura yakanatswa ikachengetwa zvisina kuchengetedzeka. Kuchinja-chinja mukudzora mhando yemafirita anogadzirwa munharaunda Kuputsika kwesefa nekufamba kwenguva, uye kudiwa kwezvikamu zvekuwedzera Mafirita nematura zvinofanirwa kucheneswa nguva nenguva, kunyanya kana uchishandisa mvura ine madhaka Kuyerera kwemvura kwakaderera kwemarita 1-3 paawa Zvingasaita kuti zvive zvakakodzera muchikamu chekutanga chekupindura nekukurumidza nekuda kwekudzidziswa kwevashandisi, kuteverwa uye kuumbwa kwecheni yekugovera Zvakaoma kutakura |
Oxfam yave ichibatsira mukugoverwa nekuongorora mafirita eceramic mumamiriro ezvinhu enjodzi munyika dzakawanda. Mienzaniso miviri, kubva kuSri Lanka mushure metsunami uye DR mushure memafashamo, ichatsanangurwa pano.
Mukupindura tsunami yaZvita 2004, Oxfam neAmerican Red Cross (ARC) vakaparadzira mafirita eceramic. Oxfam vakaparadzira mafirita emakenduru mwedzi mitatu mushure metsunami muGalle kuvanhu vaibuda mumisasa yekukurumidzira vasina kudzidziswa zvakanyanya nezvekusefa, uye muTrincomalee mwedzi mitanhatu mushure metsunami kuvanhu vaitamira kunzvimbo dzekugara dzakagadziriswa nekudzidziswa kwakanaka. ARC yakaparadzira mafirita ehari akagadzirwa munharaunda mwedzi mitanhatu mushure metsunami kuvanhu vekuWeligama vaidzokera kudzimba dzavo, nekudzidziswa kwakanaka. Ongororo yekuongorora kugamuchirwa kwakaitwa mwedzi mitanhatu mushure metsunami - mwedzi mitatu mushure mekuparadzirwa kwemafirita muGalle, uye vhiki imwe kusvika mbiri mushure mekugoverwa muTrincomalee neWeligama.
Ongororo iyi yakawana kuti vanhu 23% chete muGalle vaiva nemvura yakasefa yakakwana kuzadza kapu panguva yekushanya kwemhuri, kusiyana ne79% muTrincomalee uye 96% muWeligama. Zvinhu zvine chekuita nekushandiswa kwepamusoro zvinosanganisira: kushandisa matsime kusiyana nemvura yemupombi senzvimbo yekunwa tsunami isati yatanga, kushandisa tsime rakarongwa mune ramangwana, kushandisa chero rudzi rwekurapa mvura, nguva yakareba kubva pakaitika tsunami, pekugara pemhando yepamusoro, rutsigiro rwakanyanya rwezvirongwa, uye kugoverwa kwemasefa ehari kusiyana nemasefa emakenduru. Zvipingamupinyi zvekushandisa zvaive kudzidziswa kwemasefa kusina kukwana uye kushomeka kwenzvimbo yekugara. Ongororo iyi yakagumisa kuti "masefa akagamuchirwa zvakanaka pakati pevagamuchiri vanogara munzvimbo dzekugara dzechinguvana uye dzechigarire vakagamuchira rutsigiro rwakakwana rwezvirongwa. Zvisinei, masefa haafanirwe kupihwa panguva yekukurumidza kwekupindura kana vanhu vakabviswa mudzimba dzavo vari kugara munzvimbo dzekugara dzechimbichimbi uye masangano anoparadzira ane mari shoma yekushandisa pakuona kuti kushandiswa kwakanyanya uye kushandiswa kwakakodzera."
Pfupiso yekuongorora kwechipiri kwekushandiswa kweOxfam ceramic filter nekukurumidza inotevera. Sechikamu chekupindura kwayo kumafashamo muDominican Republic muna 2003, Oxfam GB yakagovera mafirita emvura e "makenduru" eceramic kune varidzi vemba munharaunda 7 dzakakanganiswa. Mukuyedza kwakarongeka, kwakadzorwa kwakaitwa pakati pevaridzi vemba 80 munharaunda imwe chete mukati memwedzi mitanhatu yekugadzira zvinhu zve ceramic filter, kusvibiswa kwemvura yetsvina kwaive kwakaderera nguva dzose pakati pemhuri dzinopindira pane dzimba dzinodzora (geometric mean themotolerant coliform (TTC) ye2.9/100 ml vs 32.9/100 ml, p<0.0001). Zvose, 70.6% yemasampuli kubva kumhuri dzinopindira akasangana nemirairo yeWHO ye zero TTC/100 ml zvichienzaniswa ne31.8% yemhuri dzinodzora (p <0.001). Chidzidzo chepakati pezvikamu zvemwedzi gumi nematanhatu mushure mekugoverwa kwefirita chakaratidza kuti 88.7% yemafirita aive achiri mumhuri dzinogamuchira; 48.7% vakanga vachiri kushanda nemazvo, vamwe vachikundikana zvakanyanya nekuda kwekutyoka, kuvharika kana kupera kwehupenyu hwezvinhu zvemakenduru. Kunyange zvazvo mvura yemunzvimbo yakanga ichiri kusvibiswa zvakanyanya, 54% yemasampuli kubva kumafirita akashanda akanga asina TTC. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mafirita emvura eceramic anogona kuva nzira inoshanda yekupa vanhu vakawirwa nenjodzi mvura yekunwa yakachengeteka panguva yekugara patsva. Anogonawo kuva mhinduro inogona kugara kwenguva refu, chero bedzi varidzi vemba vaine mukana wezvinhu zvinotsiva mafirita zvinokwanisika. Kunyange zvazvo kudzidziswa kwakaonekwa kuti "kwakakosha" kuti chirongwa chibudirire, zvakaonekwa kuti kudzidziswa kwaisafanira "kuva kwakakura."
Zvichibva paongororo idzi, zvinokurudzirwa kuti vese vanogamuchira mafirita eceramic vawane kudzidziswa kunoshanda uye kwekubatanidzwa kunosanganisira ruzivo nezve: chinangwa chefirita; kugadzira makenduru; kuunganidza nekushandisa firita yemvura; kuvaka chigadziko; kuona kuti firita inofanira kucheneswa riini; uye kuchenesa makenduru nemabhaketi. Zvirongwa zvebasa zvakadzama uye zvinhu zvekushambadzira zvinopihwa paCD inoperekedza chinyorwa ichi.
Mafirita eceramic ndiwo akakodzera here kana paine njodzi?
Vashandi vemumunda vakabvunza mubvunzo wekuti zvakakodzera here kugovera mafirita eceramic munzvimbo dzenjodzi kana zvinhu zvekutsiva mafirita zvisingavimbiswe. Kunyange zvazvo chinangwa chiri chekuparadzira matekinoroji ekurapa anogara kwenguva refu uye kugadzira mukana wekuwana misika yezvikamu zvekutsiva, kugoverwa kamwe chete kwemafirita emvura eceramic kunogona kupa mvura yakachengeteka kune vanoagamuchira kwemakore maviri. Kazhinji, iyi inguva yakakwana yekuvhara nguva ine njodzi mushure mekukurumidzira.
Nekudaro, mamiriro ekunze ekukurumidza haawanzo batsira pakuparadzirwa kwemafirita. Mafirita anowanzo shandiswa kana paine dambudziko guru kana kuti kwenguva refu kana nguva yacho ikashandiswa pakushanda nekugadzirisa, kudzidzisa, uye kutarisa. Mimwe mibvunzo yekufunga nezvayo pakusarudza kana mafirita eceramic achifanira kugoverwa inosanganisira:
- Kana paine nzira yekupa mvura iri pakati, kukosha kwekuparadzira mafirita ndekupi?
- Kana mamiriro acho ari emergency nekukurumidza, pane imwe nzira iri nyore yekurapa mvura iripo here?
- Mafirita eceramic inyanzvi inozivikanwa munharaunda iyi here uye zvinhu zvekutsiva zviripo here munharaunda iyi?
- Mafirita eceramic akagadzirwa munharaunda akapasa bvunzo dze microbiological uye kuongororwa kwehunhu here?
- Vagamuchiri vane nzvimbo here mudzimba dzavo yekuchengetera sefa?
- Vashandi vepurojekiti vane nguva yekudzidzisa vashandisi uye kupedzisa kutarisisa kwekutevera here?
Vashandi vemumunda munzvimbo imwe neimwe vachafanira kutanga vaona kana mafirita eceramic achifanira kugoverwa, uye chechipiri kana chirongwa ichi chichavavarira kugoverwa kwemishonga munguva yekukurumidzira chete kana kuti kugadzira mukana wekuwana nzira inochengetedza kufirita kweceramic kwenguva refu yekurapa mvura pamba.
Sarudzo yeHWTS 5: BioSand Filtration
BioSand Filter (BSF) ifirita inononoka inoshandiswa mujecha rakagadzirirwa kushandiswa mumba. Shanduro yeBSF inonyanya kushandiswa ine zvikamu zvejecha nejecha mumudziyo wekongiri kana wepurasitiki wakareba mamita 0.9, uye 0.3 metres square. Mvura inochengetwa kusvika 5-6 cm pamusoro pejecha nekuisa kukwirira kwepombi yekubuditsa mvura. Iyi jira remvura isina kudzika inobvumira jira rinoita basa rehupenyu kukura pamusoro pejecha, izvo zvinobatsira mukuderedza tupukanana tunokonzera zvirwere. Ndiro inopararira ine maburi mairi inoiswa pamusoro pejecha kudzivirira kukanganiswa kwejira rinoita basa rehupenyu kana mvura yawedzerwa musystem. MaBSF anosimudzirwa neNGOs, dzakadai seCentre for Affordable Water Supply (CAWST), Samaritan's Purse, uye Bushproof, avo vanobatana nevagadziri vemunharaunda kugadzira mafirita nevanogovera vemunharaunda kuti vape mafirita kumhuri. Zvishandiso zvekudzidzisa neruzivo zvinogona kuwanikwa pa www.cawst.org , www.bushproof.org , kana www.biosandfilter.org.
zvinobudirira
Mukuyedzwa kwerabhoritari uye mumunda, BSF inoderedza mabhakitiriya ne81-100% uye protozoa ne99.98-100% (Kaiser, 2002). Ongororo yekutanga yakaratidza kuti BSF inobvisa pasi pe90% yemavhairasi ezviratidzo. Kunyangwe data risati raburitswa, data rekutanga kubva muongororo yekutanga yemigumisiro yechirwere chenyoka paBSF, yakaitwa neYunivhesiti yeNorth Carolina, yakaratidza kudzikira kwe40% kwechirwere chenyoka muvashandisi veBSF. Dzimwe ongororo nhatu dzemigumisiro yehutano, muGhana, Cambodia, neHonduras, dziri kurongwa parizvino.
(Mvura Yakachena Yenyika)
mutengo
Chigadziko chega chega cheBiosand chinodhura pakati pe12-100 USD uye chinogona kugadzirisa huwandu husina muganho hwemvura. Hapana mari inodzokororwa uye hupenyu hwechigadziko hunogona kuva makore akawanda.
Kushanda uye Kugadzirisa
Kuti vashandise sisitimu iyi, vashandisi vanongodurura mvura muBSF, vounganidza mvura yakapedzwa kubva papombi yekubuditsa mvura mumudziyo wakachengeteka wekuchengetera. Mafirita eBiosand anogadzira rita imwe yemvura paminiti. Kana mwero wekuyerera kwemvura waderera zvisingagamuchirwi, anodzorerwa nemaitiro anonzi 'wet harrowing'. Vashandi vanozadza firita nemvura mushure mekuvhara spout, vobvisa diffuser plate, votenderedza mvura mukati mefirita vasina kubata jecha. Tsvina yakavharika inozopinda mu suspension, uye mvura ine matope inogona kubviswa nekapu.
Zvakanakira uye Zvisingakwanisi
| Advantages | Nokuremara |
| Zvakaratidzwa kuti zvinobvisa mabhakitiriya akawanda uye mabhakitiriya akawanda Zvinogamuchirwa nevashandisi nekuda kwekuyerera kwakanyanya kwemvura, nyore kushandisa, uye kuvandudzwa kwekuona mumvura. Kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinowanikwa munharaunda Kuiswa kamwe chete nezvinodiwa zvishoma zvekugadzirisa Hupenyu hurefu Yakakodzera kugadzirwa kwemuno uye mikana yemabhizinesi emuno Humbowo hwekushandiswa kwenguva refu uye kushanda kwayo | Kubviswa kwemavhairasi zvisina kunaka Kushaikwa kwedziviriro yakasara kana nzvimbo yakachengeteka yekuchengetera mvura kunoita kuti mvura ikwanise kusvibiswa Kushaikwa kwezvidzidzo zvinoratidza kukanganisa hutano pari zvino Kutakurwa kwacho kwakaoma uye kuoma kwekutakura nekuda kwekurema kwesefa uye mutengo wakakwira wepamberi |
Sarudzo yeHWTS 6: Kuchenesa Mabhakitiriya Nezuva
Kuchenesa mvura nemagetsi pazuva (SODIS) kwakagadzirwa muma1980 kuti kuchenese mvura isingadhuri inoshandiswa mukugadzirisa mvura inonaya nemuromo inoshandiswa kurapa manyoka. Muna 1991, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (SANDEC, EAWAG) yakatanga kuferefeta nekushandisa SODIS senzira yeHWTS.
(SANDEC / EAWAG)
zvinobudirira
Murabhoritari, SODIS yakaratidzwa kuti inodzima mavhairasi, mabhakitiriya, uye mapurotozoa anokonzera zvirwere zvemanyoka (Mendez-Hermida, 2005; Berney, 2006). Ruzivo rwemumunda rwakaratidzawo kudzikira kwemabhakitiriya mumvura inobva kunyika dziri kusimukira dzakarapwa neSODIS (Rainey, 2005). Mumiedzo mina yakarongwa, SODIS yakakonzera kudzikira kwehuwandu hwezvirwere zvemanyoka kubva pa9-86% (Clasen, 2007).
mutengo
SODIS tekinoroji haina muripo wemari, kunyange hazvo mapurogiramu edzidzo uye mutengo wemabhodhoro epurasitiki zvichizofanira kuverengerwa mumari yepurogiramu yekubatsira.
(SANDEC / EAWAG)
Kushanda uye Kugadzirisa
Vanoshandisa SODIS vanozadza mabhodhoro epurasitiki esoda ane 0.3-2.0 litres nemvura isina kunyorova zvakanyanya, voazunza kuti aite oxygen, voaisa padenga kana pasherufu kwemaawa matanhatu (kana zuva richinaya) kana mazuva maviri (kana aine makore). Migumisiro yakabatana yekuchinja kweDNA kunokonzerwa neUV, kudzima kupisa, uye kuparadzwa kwe-photo-oxidative kunoita kuti tupukanana tunokonzera zvirwere zvisashande. Kana madonhwe ecitric acid (muto weremoni) akawedzerwa izvi zvakaratidzwa kuderedza huwandu hwearsenic.
Zvakanakira uye Zvisingakwanisi
| Advantages | Nokuremara |
| Zvakaratidzwa kuti kuderedzwa kwemavhairasi, mabhakitiriya, uye mapurotozoa mumvura Kuderera kwakaratidzwa kwehuwandu hwezvirwere zvemanyoka muvashandi Kugamuchirwa nevashandisi nekuda kwekureruka kwekushandisa Hapana muripo kumushandisi mushure mekutenga mabhodhoro epurasitiki Kuchinja kudiki mukuravira kwemvura Kunyange hazvo SODIS isina chepfu inosara, hazvigoneke kuti icheneswe nekuti mvura inopihwa zvakananga kubva mumabhodhoro madiki ane mutsipa mutete ane zvivharo zvainorapwa. | Kudiwa kwekugadzirisa mvura ine matope akawanda (kusefa kana kupwanyika) nguva isati yasvika Zvinonetsa kuti mushandisi abvumirwe nekushandisa mvura nekuda kwehuwandu hushoma hwemvura inogona kugadziriswa panguva imwe chete uye nguva inodiwa yekurapa mvura. Mabhodhoro epurasitiki akawanda akachena, asina kukuvadzwa, akakodzera anodiwa Zvinonetsa kuti mushandisi asarudze zvinhu zvakawanda zvinodiwa kuti abvise utachiona hwakakwana. Vashandi veWatSan vanogona kurerutsa nzira iyi zvakanyanya mukudzidziswa nevashandisi izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuti vashandisi vasashandise mvura yavo zvakanaka. |
Sarudzo yeHWTS 7: Kuisa Chlorini
Kuuraya chlorine nemakemikari ndiyo nzira inonyanya kushandiswa pakurapa mvura pamhuri. Mhando nhatu dzechlorine dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya munyika dzichiri kusimukira: (1) Mother solution (1% sodium hypochlorite solution yakagadzirwa necalcium hypochlorite kana bleach); (2) Sanganisa sodium hypochlorite yakarongedzerwa zvakanyanya kuti ishandiswe mukurapa mvura mumabhodhoro (WaterGuard kana Sûr'Eau): kana, (3) Tabletted sodium dichloroisocyanurate (yakadai seMedentech Aquatabs® – Code FPU muOxfam Equipment Catalog). Zvese zvinogoverwa nemirairo inotsanangura kuti mvura inofanira kuwedzerwa zvakadii.
(PSI/Nigeria)
zvinobudirira
Pahuwandu hunoshandiswa muzvirongwa zveHWTS - 2 mg/L yemvura yakachena, 4 mg/L yemvura ine madhaka (Lantagne, in press) - chlorine inoshanda mukudzivirira mabhakitiriya nemavhairasi akawanda anokonzera chirwere chemanyoka (CDC, 2008). Zvisinei, haishande mukudzivirira mamwe mapuroteni, akadai seCryptosporidium. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaratidza kubviswa zvachose kwehutachiona hwemabhakitiriya mumvura ine chlorine munyika dziri kusimukira (Quick, 1999; Crump, 2004). Mumiedzo minomwe yakarongeka, yakadzorwa, chlorination yakakonzera kudzikira kwehuwandu hwezvirwere zvemanyoka muvashandisi kubva pa22-84% (Clasen, 2007). Zvidzidzo izvi zvakaitwa kumaruwa nemumaguta, uye zvinosanganisira vakuru nevana varombo, vanorarama neHIV, uye/kana vanoshandisa mvura ine madhaka akawanda.
Kushanda uye kugadzirisa
Mushonga weSodium hypochlorite unoiswa mubhodhoro une mirayiridzo inorayira vashandisi kuwedzera chivharo chimwe chete chebhodhoro chakazara chemushonga mumvura yakachena (kana zvivharo zviviri mumvura yakasviba) mumudziyo wekuchengetera wakajairwa, kurunga, uye kumirira kwemaminitsi makumi matatu vasati vanwa. MaAquatabs mapaketi ari muzvidimbu zvemapiritsi gumi ane mirayiridzo inorayira vashandisi kuwedzera piritsi rimwe mumvura yakachena (kana mapiritsi maviri mumvura yakasviba) mumudziyo wakajairwa, uye kumirira kwemaminitsi makumi matatu vasati vanwa. Chlorine yasara inodzivirira mvura yakanatswa kubva mukusvibiswa. Sezvo zvigadzirwa zvese zvechlorination zvichigona kudyiwa, cheni yekugovera ichafanirwa kugadzirwa kuti ipe masacheti akakwana kune vashandisi. Kungwarira kunofanirwa kutorwa kuona huwandu hwakakodzera hwemvura kana mapiritsi ehukuru hwemudziyo wekuunganidzira, uye kuchengetedza zvigadzirwa zvese zviri zviviri kure nevana.
mutengo
Mutengo wemushonga we sodium hypochlorite wakakwana wekurapa marita chiuru emvura unotangira pa0.15-0.97 USD, neavhareji ye0.33 USD. Mutengo wemapiritsi echlorine unoenderana nemugadziri uye saizi yepiritsi, asi kazhinji wakakwira zvishoma pane mutengo wemushonga unogadzirwa munharaunda.
Zvakanakira uye Zvisingakwanisi
| Advantages | Nokuremara |
| Zvakaratidzwa kuti kuderedzwa kwehuwandu hwemabhakitiriya nemavhairasi mumvura Dziviriro yakasara kubva pakusvibiswa Kugamuchirwa nevashandisi nekuda kwekushandisa kuri nyore Zvakaratidzwa kuti zvine simba pahutano Kukwanisa kukura, kunyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu edenda Low mutengo Inowanikwa zviri nyore munzvimbo zhinji | Dziviriro shoma kubva kumavhairasi netupukanana Kushanda zvishoma kwekuuraya utachiona mumvura ine madhaka yakasvibiswa nezvinhu zve organic nezvimwe zvisina organic Zvinogona kutaurwa nezvekuravira uye hwema hwemushandisi Kukosha kwekuona kuti mhinduro yacho inodzorwa zvakanaka Kunetseka kusingakoshi pamusoro pemigumisiro yenguva refu ye chlorination by-products inogona kukonzera kenza (Lantagne, 2008) Kudiwa kwekuva neketani yekugovera zvinhu zvinodyiwa nguva dzose |
Kuisa chlorine munzvimbo imwe chete uye pamusha, zvingangove, ndiyo nzira dzinonyanya kushandiswa dzemhando yepamusoro yemvura mumamiriro ekunze ekukurumidzira. Zvisinei, kune zvidzidzo zvishoma zvakaongororwa nevezera ravo zvinoongorora kushanda kwe chlorine padanho remhuri mumamiriro ekunze ekukurumidzira, sezvo "bucket chlorination" iri nzira yakajairika inofungidzirwa kuti inoshanda. Kushandiswa kwemapiritsi e chlorine, akadai seAquatabs®, kwakajairikawo mumhinduro dzakawanda dzekukurumidzira. Zvirongwa zvitatu zve chlorine zvichakurukurwa pano: kushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvePopulation Services International chlorination mukurwisa cholera, bucket chlorination, uye kugadzirwa kwe sodium hypochlorite munharaunda.
Population Services International (PSI) inotengesa mabhodhoro madiki e sodium hypochlorite munyika gumi nepfumbamwe. Muna 2007, PSI yakatengesa mabhodhoro anopfuura mamiriyoni gumi nemaviri emushonga, ichirapa marita anopfuura mabhiriyoni gumi nemaviri emvura. Kushandisa chigadzirwa chinotengeswa munharaunda, chinogadzirwa munharaunda kurwisa cholera kwakaitika kubvira pakatanga chirongwa chenyika, apo zvakaonekwa kuti chigadzirwa ichi chaigona kukodzera kurwisa cholera, uye kuti kushandisa chigadzirwa ichi kurwisa cholera kwaigona kukurudzira kudiwa kwekutengesa kwenyika. Mwedzi mishanu mushure mekugoverwa, 33% yevanhu vakasimbisa kuvapo kwechlorine yakasara mumvura yavo yekunwa. Muna 2007, PSI yakashanda nemasangano e emergency munyika gumi nembiri kugovera mabhodhoro anopfuura mamiriyoni maviri nehafu emushonga kurwisa cholera.
Munguva yekupararira kwechirwere chekorera muna 2006 kuNorthern Uganda, boka revashandi vekolera rakati mvura yese yekunwa inofanira kutorwa kubva mumapombi emaoko yozoiswa chlorine. Vanhu vaitora mvura kubva murwizi panguva iyi vaizobhadhariswa faindi. Oxfam yakashanda kudzidzisa vashandi vehutano hwemunharaunda (CHVs) kuti vawedzere maAquatabs mumakani ejerry papombi yega yega mumusasa. Gare gare, nekuda kwekushomeka kweAquatabs, maCHV akadzidziswa kugadzira mushonga weamai zvakachengeteka uye kupa dosi ye chlorine mumushonga wega wega wejerry. Kunyangwe chirongwa ichi chakabudirira zvakanyanya, matambudziko aisanganisira:
- Matambudziko ekutevedzera mitemo ye chlorine yakawanda, sezvo vanhu vakaramba kuravira kwayo kusina kunaka;
- Pfungwa yakajairika yekuti kudya maAquatabs kwaizodzivirira vanhu kubva kukorera uye kushomeka kwenzvimbo yekuchengetera zvinhu mumba kure nevana; uye,
- Dambudziko rekushandisa Aquatabs muhuwandu hushoma pane marita makumi maviri.
Matambudziko aya akagadziriswa nekuwedzera maCHV chete mumvura kuti pave nechokwadi chekuti mushonga wakakodzera uye kudzivirira kunwiwa. Chirongwa pachakachinjwa kushandisa mushonga waamai, maCHV akakwanisa kugadzirisa huwandu hwemushonga zvichienderana nehukuru hwemudziyo.
Chirongwa cheJolivert Safe Water for Families (JSWF) chirongwa che chlorination kuchamhembe kweHaiti chakatanga munaGunyana 2002 nemhuri mazana maviri dzepurojekiti yekutanga. Mushonga we chlorine unogadzirwa paJolivert Clinic uchishandisa jenareta ye hypochlorite. Mhuri dzinotenga mushonga uyu wekuuraya utachiona mumabhodhoro e250 ml anogona kuzadzwazve kungave kukiriniki (0.16 USD pabhodhoro) kana kubva kuvatengesi makumi maviri nevashanu vakasarudzwa mumaguta nenharaunda dzakapoteredza (0.20 USD pabhodhoro, mari yacho ichienda kumutengesi). Vashandi vanowedzera chivharo chimwe chete pamagaroni mashanu emvura akachengetwa muchirongo chemunharaunda chakagadziridzwa nepombi nechivharo. Matekiniki matatu eHaiti anogadzira mushonga we hypochlorite, vanopa kudzidziswa kuunza mhuri itsva muchirongwa ichi, vanoshanyira mhuri kuti vape kudzidziswa kuri kuenderera mberi uye kuyedzwa kwechlorine, kutengesa mushonga we hypochlorite, uye kuchengetedza zvinyorwa. Vashandi vese vechirongwa vanobhadharwa zvizere kubva pamari yechirongwa. Ongororo yakazvimirira yechirongwa chekutanga muna Ndira 2003 yakaratidza kudzikira kwehuwandu hwezvirwere zvemanyoka ne55% pakati pevashandisi. Zvichibva pakubudirira uku, chirongwa ichi chakatanga kukura, uye ikozvino chave nemhuri dzinopfuura 4,000 dzakanyoresa.
Ongororo yakaitwa muna 2007 yakawana kuti zvinhu zvinokonzera kushandiswa kwehypochlorite zvinosiyana zvichienderana nematanho ekushandiswa. Mutengo wemudziyo wekuchengetera zvinhu chipingamupinyi chekupinda muchirongwa, asi mutengo wemhinduro hausi chipingamupinyi chekushandiswa nguva dzose. Mari yekufamba nenguva inodzivisa vari munharaunda dziri kure kushandisa nguva dzose. Kushaikwa kweruzivo uye kuzvishandira zvipingamupinyi zvekupinda, uye rutsigiro rwemagariro evanhu netsika dzemagariro evanhu ndizvo zvinokonzeresa matanho ese ekushandiswa. Kushanya kwevashandi veJSWF mudzimba kunoita sekunowedzera mwero wekutenga. Chirongwa cheJolivert chakakwanisa kushanda nguva dzose kuburikidza, uye kupindura, njodzi dzakawanda - kusanganisira mafashamo, madutu, mhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika, uye mhirizhonga - nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwenzvimbo nekutarisira, kutarisa pakudzidziswa nekutevera vashandisi, uye kukura kuri kuramba kuchienderera mberi.
Chekupedzisira, tisati tapedzisa pfupiso iyi, tinoda kupfupikisa ongororo mbiri dzakaitwa mushure metsunami yaZvita 2004 dzinotaura nezvekuitwa kwekukurumidzira kwezvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zveHWTS.
Mubhuku rinonzi The Drinking Water Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami Including the Role of Household Water Treatment, vanyori Thomas Clasen naLucy Smith vanopfupikisa zvavakawana kubva mukubvunzurudzwa nekushanya kwavakaita munzvimbo dzakasiyana kwakatanga mavhiki masere mushure metsunami.
Pasinei neuchapupu hwakawanikwa munzvimbo dzakagadzirwa uye dzimwe nguva dzenjodzi dzinoratidza kuti kurapwa kwemvura mudzimba, kusanganisira chlorination, filtration, solar disinfection, uye combined flocculation/disinfecting, zvinoshanda mukuvandudza mhando yemvura yekunwa uye nekudaro kudzivirira njodzi yezvirwere zvinobva mumvura, nzira dzemudzimba hadzina kuita basa rakakosha mumatanho ekutanga ekurwisa tsunami, kunze kwekunge yafashaira. Izvi zvaisakonzerwa nekushaikwa kwayo; mamiriyoni ezvigadzirwa izvi akatumirwa kunzvimbo iyi. Asi, vanhu vakabatsira vaiwanzoona kuti kurapwa kwemvura mudzimba kwakanga kusina kukodzera munguva pfupi yakatevera njodzi nekuda kwe:
- Kukosha kwekusimbisa huwandu hwemvura pane kunaka kwemvura,
- Mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana akakonzerwa netsunami akaramba achida kuti pave nemvura yakawanda yakanatswa,
- Kushaikwa kwevanhu nezvimwe zviwanikwa zvekubatsira kutanga kuchenesa mvura mudzimba,
- Kunetseka kuti kuunzwa kwenzira itsva dzekurapa mvura kwaizotumira mashoko akasiyana-siyana nezvemamwe maitiro, uye
- Kunetseka nezvekuchengetedza nzira dzakadaro.
Kufashaira kwakaita basa guru, kunyange hazvo paiva nehumbowo hunoratidza kuti, sezvo kwaiitwa muvanhu vakabatwa netsunami, kufashaira kwakanga kusingape dziviriro yakakwana kubva kutsvina yetsvina. Mamwe masangano akataura kuti kurapwa kwemvura mudzimba kwaizotanga panguva yekugadziriswa kwedambudziko.
Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza kudiwa kwekuongorora kwakakodzera usati watanga mapurogiramu eHWTS. Sarudzo dzeHWTS hadzizove dzakakodzera mune dzimwe nguva dzenjodzi, uye kunzwisisa basa radzo rakakodzera ndicho chinhu chikuru pakubudirira kwekuita zvirongwa.
Mwedzi mishanu mushure metsunami, ongororo yakaitwa mumatunhu matatu eIndonesia mumhuri dzakagamuchira mvura ye sodium hypochlorite solution mahara. Matunhu maviri (Nias neSimeulue) aive ekumaruwa, nharaunda dzezvitsuwa, uye echitatu (Aceh Besar) aive nemisasa yekugara kwenguva pfupi nemisasa yematende.
Ongororo iyi yakawana kuti kushandiswa kwe sodium hypochlorite kwaive 28%, 21%, uye 12% muAceh Besar, Nias, uye Simeulue, zvichiteerana. Kushandiswa kwakasimbiswa kwe sodium hypochlorite, sekuongororwa kwekuvapo kwechlorine yakasara, kwakawanikwa kuri 14%, 14.7%, uye 2.64%, zvichiteerana. Zvinhu zvakawanikwa zvine chekuita nekudzikira kwenjodzi yekusvibiswa kweE. coli mumvura yakachengetwa zvinosanganisira:
- Zvinonzi kushandiswa kwe sodium hypochlorite (Aceh Besar, Simeulue)
- Kuvepo kwemahara echlorine asara (Aceh Besar, Nias, Simeulue)
- Kushandiswa kwesipo yekuwachisa nemaoko kwakaonekwa (Simeulue)
- Kushandisa chimbuzi (Simeulue)
Zvinofadza kuti, kushandisa mudziyo wekuchengetera mvura usina muromo mutete, kufashaira kwakataurwa, kufashaira kwakakwana, kana kufashaira kwakakwana nemvura kwakabatana nekudzikira kwenjodzi yekubatwa neE. coli mumvura yakachengetwa. Ongororo iyi yakaratidza kuti hazvisi zvese zvinokurudzirwa (sekubikisa) zvaishanda pakuchengetedza kunaka kwemvura yakachengetwa, uye, kunyangwe paive nekushandiswa kushoma kwesodium hypochlorite, ndiyo chete nzira inoshanda mumatunhu ese madiki. Munharaunda ine kushandiswa kushoma kwesodium hypochlorite, kugeza maoko nesipo, uye kushandisa chimbuzi zvaivewo nzira dzinoshanda.
Pfupiso yeHWTS muEmergencies yeOxfam
Zvinotarisirwa kuti gwaro iri rehunyanzvi rinokwanisa kupa vashandi vemumunda mhinduro dzemibvunzo yavanoda kuona, kana, uye kuti ndeipi sarudzo yeHWTS yekushandisa mumamiriro ezvinhu enjodzi. Mukupfupisa, pfungwa huru kubva mugwaro iri ndeidzi:
- HWTS inzira yakakodzera yekudzivirira kana mvura inobva kunobva mvura yakasviba uye/kana kuti hazvigoneke kuve nechokwadi chekuti mvura inotakurwa zvakanaka uye inochengetwa zvakanaka.
- Kunyangwe pasina sarudzo imwe chete yeHWTS yakakodzera mamiriro ese ezvinhu, dzakawanda dzacho dzakakodzera mumamiriro akasiyana. Kuti uone kuti ndeipi sarudzo yakakodzera mamiriro enzvimbo, mibvunzo inotevera inofanira kubvunzwa:
- Ndezvipi zvingasarudzwa zviripo?
- Ndezvipi zvingasarudzwa zvinogamuchirwa nevashandisi?
- Njodzi yemanyoka yakakomba zvakadini munzvimbo inopindwa chirwere?
- Ndezvipi zvingasarudzwa zvakakodzera pamhando yemvura munzvimbo yekupindira?
- Kubudirira kwezvirongwa zveHWTS kunoenderana nekugamuchirwa nekugamuchirwa kwenharaunda, uye kudzidziswa kwevashandisi kwakakosha. Kutaurirana nezvekuchinja maitiro uye kubatanidzwa kwenharaunda muchirongwa ichi kuchawedzera zvikuru kutorwa kwechirongwa ichi uye kugara kwenguva refu kwenguva refu.
- Zvinhu zvekushandisa uye rubatsiro rwehunyanzvi hwekutsigira vanoisa zvinhu pasi zvakakosha. Kune zvinhu zvakawanda zvekusimudzira hutano zvakagadzirwa zveHWTS. CD iri pamwe chete neruzivo urwu rwehunyanzvi ine zvinongedzo kune zvakawanda zveizvi.
Tinokushuvirai zvakanaka muzvirongwa zvenyu, uye kana muine mibvunzo, ndapota inzwai makasununguka kutumira email kuOxfam Headquarters kana kuDaniele Lantagne panhamba iyi daniele.lantagne@lshtm.ac.uk.
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Yakatanga kunyorwa naLucy Staveley, Gumiguru 2007. Yakagadziriswazve uye yakawedzerwa naDaniele Lantagne, Chikunguru 2008.
Dheuteronomio:
Lantagne, D naStavely L. (2008) Oxfam Homeshold Water Treatment Technical Brief. (Nyaya yeOxfam yeKurapa Mvura Yemumba). Oxfam International, Oxford, UK.